Transcript Quaternary Environments Introductory Lecture

Quaternary Environments
Ecosystem Pattern and Process
Conservation Issues
Patterns on the Landscape
Patterns of vegetation distribution
 Scale Issues
 Modern Issues

 Fragmentation
 Barriers
to migration
 Barriers to propagation
Patterns on the Landscape
World Population
Fig. 1-1 p. 2
Human Disturbance
Arctic
Circle
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
Antarctic
Circle
Predominantly natural
Partially disturbed
Human dominated
North America by Night
Food Webs
Trophic Levels
 Food Chains
 Food Webs

Food Web
Human
Blue whale
Sperm whale
Killer
whale
Elephant
seal
Crabeater seal
Leopard
seal
Emperor
penguin
Adélie
penguins
Petrel
Squid
Fish
Carnivorous plankton
Herbivorous
zooplankton
Krill
Phytoplankton
Food Chain
Broad-winged
hawk
Deciduous ForestHairy
Animals
Producer
to primary
consumer
woodpecker
Primary
to secondary
consumer
Gray
squirrel
White oak
White-footed
mouse
White-tailed
deer
Metallic
Metallic woodboring
beetle
wood-boring
and
larvae
beetle
and
Mountain
winterberry
Shagbark hickory
May beetle
Fungi
Bacteria
Racer
Long-tailed
weasel
Wood frog
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
All producers and
consumers to
decomposers
The Demise of Bison
1500
1850
1870
1880
1906
Effects of Experimental Logging on Nitrate
Levels (Hubbard-Brook Experimental Forest)
Losses from
disturbed watershed
11
Concentration
(mg/liter -1)
9
7
Time of
deforestation
5
Losses from
undisturbed watershed
3
1
0
J J A S O ND J F M A M J J A S O N DJ F M AM J J A S O N DJ F M AM
1965
1966
1967
1968
Atmospheric CO2 for the Past 150,000
Years
Gross Primary Productivity
Preserve Boundaries
Public Lands
Natural Resource Depletion; Americans
Grizzly
bear
NORTH
AMERICA
More than 60% of the
Pacific Northwest
coastal forest has
been cut down
40% of North America’s
range and cropland
has lost productivity California
condor
Hawaiian
monk seal
Eastern
cougar
Spotted
owl
Blackfooted Florida
ferret panther
Mangroves
cleared
in Equador for
shrimp ponds
Endangered species
6.0 or more children
per woman
Fish catch in the north-west Atlantic has fallen
42% since its peak in 1973
Chesapeake Bay is overfished and polluted
Golden
toad
Coral reef destruction
Every year 14,000
square kilometers of
rain forest is destroyed
in the Amazon Basin
Columbia has
lost one-third of
its forest
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Vanishing biodiversity
Humpback
whale
Manatee
Much of Everglades National Park has dried out
and lost 90% of its wading birds
Kemp’s
ridley
turtle
Half of the forest
in Honduras and
Nicaragua has
disappeared
Environmental degradation
St. Lawrence
beluga whale
Black lion
tamarin
SOUTH
AMERICA
Southern
Chile’s rain
forest is
threatened
Little of Brazil’s
Atlantic forest
remains
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Natural Resource Depletion; Old World
Poland is one of
the world’s most
polluted countries
Imperial eagle
640,000 square kilometers
south of the Sahara have
turned to desert since 1940
EUROPE
Mediterranean
Many parts of
former Soviet Union
ASIA
are polluted with
industrial and radioactive waste
Central Asia from the
Middle East to China
has lost 72% of range Giant
and cropland
panda
Area of
Aral Sea has
Shrunk 46%
Snow leopard
Japanese timber imports
are responsible for much
of the world’s tropical
deforestation
Saudi
Arabia
Deforestation in the Himalaya
Asian
causes flooding in Bangladesh
Liberia
elephant
Oman
Kouprey
Eritrea
Mali AFRICA
Yemen
90% of the coral reefs
India and
are threatened in the
Burkina Niger
Ethiopia
Sri Lanka
Philippines. All virgin
Faso
Benin Chad Golden
have almost
forest will be gone
Sierra
tamarin
no
rain
Nigeria
by 2010
Leone
forest left
Togo
Congo Uganda
Sao Tome Rwanda
Somalia
In peninsular Malaysia
Queen Alexandra’s
68% of the
Burundi
almost all forests have
Birdwing butterfly
Congo’s
Angola
been cut
rain forest
Indonesia’s
is slated
Zambia
coral reefs are
Nail-tailed
for cleaning
INDIAN OCEAN threatened
wallaby
and
Aye-aye
Fish catches in
mangrove AUSTALIA
Black
Southeast Atlantic
forests
Madagascar has
have dropped by more rhinoceros
Much of
have been
lost 66% of its
than 50% since 1973
Australia’s
cut
in
half
tropical forest
range and
cropland
have turned
to desert
Blue whale
A thinning of the ozone layer occurs
over Antarctica during summer
ANTARCTICA
Ecological Pyramids
Primary Productivity of Ecosystems
 Gross primary productivity (GPP)
 Net primary productivity (NPP)
Community Structure: Appearance and Species
Diversity
 Stratification
 Species diversity
 Species abundance
 Niche structure
 Edge effects
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession