Transcript Chapter 8 - Human Anatomy

Medical Terminology
A LIVING LANGUAGE
Fifth Edition
CHAPTER
8
Digestive System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Multimedia Directory
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Digestive System Animation
Orthodontics Video
GERD Video
Sigmoidoscopy Video
Nasogastric Intubation Animation
Dieticians Video
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System at a Glance
• Function of the Digestive System
 Mechanical and chemical digestion of
food
 Absorption of nutrient molecules
 Elimination of solid wastes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System at a Glance
• Organs of the Gastrointestinal tract
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Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System at a Glance
• Accessory Organs
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Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Salivary glands
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive
System
Illustrated
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Combining Forms
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an/o – anus
append/o – appendix
appendic/o – appendix
bar/o – weight
bucc/o – cheek
cec/o – cecum
cholangi/o – bile duct
chol/e – bile, gall
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Combining Forms
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cholecyst/o – gallbladder
choledoch/o – common bile duct
cirrh/o – yellow
col/o – colon
colon/o – colon
dent/o – tooth
diverticul/o – pouch
duoden/o – duodenum
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Combining Forms
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enter/o – small intestine
esophag/o – esophagus
gastr/o – stomach
gingiv/o – gums
gloss/o – tongue
hepat/o – liver
ile/o – ileum
jejun/o – jejunum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Combining Forms
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labi/o – lip
lapar/o – abdomen
lingu/o – tongue
lith/o – stone
odont/o – tooth
or/o – mouth
palat/o – palate
pancreat/o – pancreas
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Combining Forms
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pharyng/o – throat, pharynx
polyp/o – polyp
proct/o – anus and rectum
pylor/o – pylorus
pyr/o – fire
rect/o – rectum
sialaden/o – salivary gland
sigmoid/o – sigmoid colon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Suffixes
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•
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–emesis
–istry
–lithiasis
–orexia
–pepsia
–phagia
–prandial
–tripsy
vomit
specialty of
stone
appetite
digestion
eat, swallow
pertaining to a meal
surgical crushing
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Also called:
 Gastrointestinal system (GI)
 Gut
 Alimentary canal
• Approximately 30 feet of continuous
muscular tube between mouth and
anus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
• Organs of the continuous gut tube in
order:
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Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon (including rectum and anus)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Accessory organs are connected to
gut tube by ducts
• Include:
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
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Digestive System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the digestive system.
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Three main functions of Digestive
system
 Digesting food
 Absorbing nutrients
 Eliminating waste
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Digesting Food
• Physical and chemical breakdown of
large food particles
• Produces simple nutrient molecules
 Glucose
 Triglycerides
 Amino acids
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Absorbing Nutrients
• Simple molecules are absorbed from
intestine
• Circulated through body by
cardiovascular system
• Used for growth and repair of cells,
tissues, and organs
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Eliminating Waste
• Some ingested food cannot be digested
or absorbed
• Expelled from body as solid waste
 Feces
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Oral Cavity
• Roof is palate
 Hard – bony
anterior
 Soft – flexible
posterior
• Hanging down
from soft palate is
uvula
 Speech production
 Location of gag
reflex
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Oral Cavity
• Cheeks are lateral
walls
• Lips are anterior
opening
• Entire cavity lined
with mucous
membrane
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Figure 8.1
Anatomy of the oral cavity.
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Oral Cavity
• Digestion begins when food enters
mouth
 Mechanically broken up by chewing
• Tongue moves food within mouth
• Mixes with saliva
 Digestive enzymes
 Lubricates
• Taste buds on tongue surface
 Detect bitter, sweet, salty, sour flavors
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Teeth
• Cutting teeth
 Bite
 Tear
 Cut
• Incisors
• Cuspids
(canines)
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Teeth
• Grinding teeth
 Bicuspids
(premolars)
 Molars
 Third molar is
wisdom tooth
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Figure 8.3A
The name and shape of the adult teeth.
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Figure 8.3B
Color enhanced X-ray of teeth showing four wisdom teeth that have not erupted.
(Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Tooth Structure
• Gums
 Mucous
membrane +
connective tissue
 Seals off teeth in
socket
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Tooth Structure
• Tooth is divided
into:
 Crown – above
gum
 Root – below gum
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Tooth Structure
• Enamel
 Outer covering
 In crown only
 Hardest substance
• Dentin
 Under enamel
 In crown and root
 Bulk of tooth
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Tooth Structure
• Pulp cavity
 In crown and root
canal
 Blood vessels,
nerves
• Cementum and
periodontal
ligaments
 Anchors root in
jawbone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Figure 8.4
Internal structures of the crown and root.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Humans Have 2 Sets of Teeth
• Deciduous teeth
 First set, baby teeth
 20 teeth erupt between ages 6 and 28
months
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Humans Have 2 Sets of Teeth
• Permanent teeth
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Second set, adult teeth
About 6 years of age, baby teeth fall out
Replaced by 32 permanent teeth
Process continues until 18-20 years of
age
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pharynx
• Swallowed food
enters
oropharynx
• Proceeds down
pharynx into
laryngopharynx
• Epiglottis
 Covers larynx and
trachea
 Shunts food away
from lungs & into
esophagus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Figure 8.2
Structures of the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus.
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Esophagus
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•
•
10-inch long muscular tube
Food enters from pharynx
Delivered to stomach
Propelled along by wavelike muscular
movements
 Called peristalsis
 Pushes food through entire gut tube
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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The Stomach
• J-shaped muscular
organ
• Collects & churns
food
 Mixes it with
hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
• Forms chyme
 Watery mix of food
and digestive juices
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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The Stomach
• Three regions
 Fundus – upper
 Body – main
 Antrum – lower
• Rugae are folds in
stomach lining
 Stretch out to allow
stomach to expand
with food
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Sphincters
• Muscular valves
 Control flow of food
• Lower
esophageal
(cardiac)
sphincter
 Keeps food from
backing up into
esophagus
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Sphincters
• Pyloric sphincter
 Allows highly acidic
chyme to enter
small intestine
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Figure 8.5
The regions and internal structures of the stomach.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Small Intestine
• Longest portion of
alimentary canal
 Averages 20 feet
 Between pyloric
sphincter and colon
• Site of:
 Completion of
digestion
 Majority of
absorption
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Three Sections of Small Intestine
• Duodenum
 First section – about 10-12 inches long
 Starts at pyloric sphincter
• Jejunum
 Second section – about 8 feet long
• Ileum
 Third section – about 12 feet long
 Connects to colon at ileocecal valve
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Figure 8.6
The small intestine – duodenum, jejunum, ileum – begins at the pyloric sphincter and
ends at the colon.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Colon
• 5 feet long
• Extends from ileocecal valve to anus
• Fluid that remains after digestion and
absorption enters colon
• Most is water and is reabsorbed into
body
• Solid waste left over is feces
• Evacuated in bowel movements
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Regions of the Colon
• Cecum
 Appendix
• Ascending colon
• Transverse colon
• Descending
colon
• Sigmoid colon
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Rectum and Anus
• Rectum is area for
storage of feces
• Leads to anus
 External opening
of alimentary
canal
• Feces are
evacuated
 Called defecation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.7
The regions of the colon.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Accessory Organs
• Generally function by producing
substances necessary for chemical
breakdown of food




Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Salivary Glands
• Produce saliva
• Allows food to be
swallowed without
choking
• Saliva + food =
bolus
• Contains amylase
 Begins digestion
of carbohydrates
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Salivary Glands
• Three pairs
 Parotid glands
 Sublingual glands
 Submandibular
glands
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Figure 8.8
The salivary glands, parotid, sublingual, and submandibular.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Liver
• Located in right upper quadrant of
abdomen
• Processes nutrients
• Detoxifies harmful substances
• Produces bile
 Emulsification
 Breaks up large fat globules into smaller
droplets
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.9
The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Gallbladder
• Lies under liver
• Stores bile
produced by liver
 Hepatic duct
 Cystic duct
• Common bile
duct carries bile to
duodenum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.9
The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pancreas
• Digestive juices
include:
 Buffers –
neutralize acidic
chyme
 Enzymes – digest
carbohydrates,
lipids, and proteins
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.9
The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Combining Forms
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cutane/o – skin
hem/o – blood
hemat/o – blood
nas/o – nose
orth/o – straight
ven/o – vein
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
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-al
-algia
-centesis
-eal
-ectomy
-gram
-ic
-itis
pertaining to
pain
process of removing fluid
pertaining to
surgical removal
record
pertaining to
inflammation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
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-logy
-oma
-osis
-graphy
-ostomy
-otomy
-ous
-pexy
study of
tumor
abnormal condition
process of recording
create a new opening
cutting into
pertaining to
surgical fixation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
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•
•
•
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-plasty
-plegia
-ptosis
-scope
-scopy
-tic
surgical repair
paralysis
drooping
instrument to view
process of viewing
pertaining to
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Prefixes
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•
•
•
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aanantibradydysendohyperhypo-
without
without
against
slow
abnormal
within
excessive
under
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Prefixes
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•
•
•
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•
intraperperipolypostretrosubtrans-
within
through
around
many
after
backwards
under
across
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
anal
pertaining to the anus
buccal
pertaining to the cheeks
buccolabial
pertaining to the cheeks and lips
cecal
pertaining to the cecum
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
colonic
pertaining to the colon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
colorectal
pertaining to the colon and rectum
dental
pertaining to the teeth
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
enteric
pertaining to the small intestine
esophageal
pertaining to the esophagus
gastric
pertaining to the stomach
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
gingival
pertaining to the gums
glossal
pertaining to the tongue
hepatic
pertaining to the liver
hypoglossal
pertaining to the under the tongue
ileal
pertaining to the ileum
jejunal
pertaining to the jejunum
nasogastric
pertaining to the nose and stomach
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
oral
pertaining to the mouth
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx
pyloric
pertaining to the pylorus
rectal
pertaining to the rectum
sigmoidal
pertaining to the sigmoid colon
sublingual
pertaining to the under the tongue
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
• Buccolabial
bucc/o + labi/o + -al
 Pertaining to the cheeks and lips
• Colorectal
col/o + rect/o + -al
 Pertaining to the colon and rectum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
• Nasogastric
nas/o + gastro/o + -ic
 Pertaining to the nose and stomach
• Sublingual
sub- + lingu/o + -al
 Pertaining to under the tongue
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
dentistry
Branch of healthcare involved with
the prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment of conditions involving the
teeth, jaw, and mouth. Practitioner
is a dentist.
gastroenterology
Branch of medicine involved in
diagnosis and treatment of diseases
and disorders of the digestive
system. Physician is a
gastroenterologist.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
oral surgery
Branch of dentistry that uses surgical
means to treat dental conditions.
Specialist is an oral surgeon.
Branch of dentistry concerned with
orthodontics correction of problems with tooth
alignment. Specialist is an orthodontist.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Orthodontics Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of orthodontics.
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Medical Specialties
periodontics
Branch of dentistry concerned with
treating conditions involving the
gums and tissues surrounding the
teeth. Specialist is a periodontist.
proctology
Branch of medicine involved in
diagnosis and treatment of diseases
and disorders of the anus and
rectum. Physician is a proctologist.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
anorexia
loss of appetite with other conditions;
different from anorexia nervosa
aphagia
being unable to swallow or eat
ascites
collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity
bradypepsia
having a slow digestive system
cachexia
loss of weight and wasting occurring
during chronic disease
cholecystalgia gallbladder pain
constipation
difficult or infrequent defecation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
dentalgia
tooth pain
diarrhea
frequent, watery bowel movements
dysorexia
having an abnormal, usually diminished,
appetite
dyspepsia
indigestion; having an upset stomach
dysphagia
having difficulty swallowing or eating
emesis
vomiting
gastralgia
stomach pain
hematemesis
vomiting blood
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Signs and Symptoms
hematochezia
passing bright red blood in stools
hyperemesis
excessive vomiting
jaundice
yellow cast to skin; caused by deposit
of bile pigment; often caused by liver
disease
melena
passage of dark tarry stool, due to
digested blood
nausea
urge to vomit
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Signs and Symptoms
obesity
weight above healthy levels
polyphagia
excessive eating
postprandial
after a meal
pyrosis
stomach acid splashing into esophagus;
heartburn
regurgitation backflow of stomach contents into mouth
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Dysorexia
dys- + -orexia
 Abnormal appetite
• Hyperemesis
hyper- + -emesis
 Excessive vomiting
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Polyphagia
poly- + -phagia
 Excessive eating
• Postprandial
post- + -prandial
 Pertaining to after a meal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Oral Cavity Pathology
aphthous ulcers
ulcers in the mouth; commonly
called canker sores
cleft lip
congenital anomaly where upper lip
and jaw fail to fuse in the midline,
leaving a gap
cleft palate
congenital anomaly where hard
palate fails to fuse in the midline,
leaving an opening into nasal cavity
dental caries
decay of tooth due to bacterial
infection; tooth cavity
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Oral Cavity Pathology
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
herpes labialis
herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
infection; fever blisters or cold sores
periodontal
disease
disease of supporting structures around
the teeth; especially the gums; most
common cause of tooth loss
sialadenitis
inflammation of a salivary gland
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Pharynx & Esophagus Pathology
esophageal
varices
varicose veins in the esophagus;
hemorrhaging occurs if rupture
gastroesophageal
reflux disease
(GERD)
acid from stomach flows backward
up into esophagus causing
inflammation and pain
pharyngoplegia
paralysis of the throat muscles
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
GERD Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of gastroesophageal reflux
disease.
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Stomach Pathology
gastric carcinoma
malignant tumor in stomach
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and
small intestine
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
hiatal hernia
protrusion of stomach through
diaphragm into thoracic cavity; also
called diaphragmatocele
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
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Figure 8.10
A hiatal hernia or diaphragmatocele.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Stomach Pathology
peptic ulcer
disease (PUD)
ulcer in the lower portion of
esophagus, stomach, and/or
duodenum; caused by high acid of
stomach juices; may be a result of
Helicobacter pylori infection
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.11A
The location and appearance of a peptic ulcer in both the stomach and the duodenum.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.11B
Photomicrograph of a gastric ulcer.
(Dr. E. Walker/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Small Intestine & Colon Pathology
anal fistula
abnormal passageway from surface
directly into rectum; around anal opening
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
bowel
incontinence
inability to control defecation
colorectal
carcinoma
malignant tumor in the colon or rectum
Crohn’s
disease
chronic inflammatory bowel disease,
primarily in ileum and/or colon; results in
scarring; also called regional ileitis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Small Intestine & Colon Pathology
diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum, an
outpouching off the colon; results from
food being trapped inside
diverticulosis
condition of having diverticula, may lead
to diverticulitis
dysentery
diarrhea with mucus and blood, severe
abdominal pain, and fever; caused by
contaminated food or water
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.12
Diverticulosis.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Small Intestine & Colon Pathology
hemorrhoids
varicose veins in the anal region
ileus
severe abdominal pain, inability to
defecate, abdominal distension; caused
by intestinal blockage
inguinal
hernia
protrusion of a loop of bowel through
abdominal muscle and into groin region;
may become incarcerated or strangulated
if muscle pinches the loop of bowel
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.13
An inguinal hernia.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Small Intestine & Colon Pathology
intussusception
one part of intestine slips or telescopes
into another section
disturbance in function of intestine for
unknown reason; causes abdominal
irritable bowel
cramping and alternating diarrhea and
syndrome (IBS)
constipation; also called functional
bowel syndrome
polyposis
having polyps, tumor with a stem-like
attachment, growing on the mucous
membrane of the colon; may become
cancerous
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.14
Intussusception.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.15
Endoscopic view of a polyp in the colon. Note the mushroom-like shape, an enlarged top
growing at the end of a stem. It is being removed by means of a wire loop slipped over
the polyp and then tightened to cut it off.
(David M. Martin, M.D./ Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Small Intestine & Colon Pathology
proctoptosis prolapse or drooping rectum
ulcerative
colitis
chronic inflammatory condition with
numerous small ulcers on the lining of the
colon; also called inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD)
volvulus
bowel twists upon itself causing an
obstruction
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.16
Volvulus.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Accessory Organ Pathology
cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder; commonly
caused by gallstones
cholelithiasis
presence of gallstones; may or may not
cause symptoms
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease due to liver failure
hepatitis
inflammation of liver; usually due to a
viral infection
hepatoma
tumor in the liver
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.17A
Common sites for cholelithiasis.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.17B
A gallbladder specimen with multiple gallstones.
(Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Diverticulosis
diverticul/o + -osis
 Abnormal condition of having pouches
(diverticula)
• Diverticulitis
diverticul/o + -itis
 Inflammation of pouches (diverticula)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Cholelithiasis
chol/e + -lithiasis
 Condition of bile stones
• Cirrhosis
cirrh/o + -osis
 Abnormal condition of being yellow
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Laboratory Tests
alanine
transaminase
(ALT)
normal enzyme in the bloodstream;
increased levels indicate liver disease
aspartate
transaminase
(AST)
normal enzyme in the bloodstream;
increased levels indicate liver disease
fecal occult
blood test
(FOBT)
examines feces for microscopic amounts
of blood; also called hemoccult
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Laboratory Tests
ova and
parasites
(O&P)
examination of feces for presence of
parasites or their eggs
serum
bilirubin
determines amount of bilirubin in
bloodstream; indicates liver disease
stool culture
culture of feces to look for presence of
pathogenic bacteria
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diagnostic Imaging
bite-wing X-ray
X-ray of teeth with film holder held in
the teeth
cholecystogram
X-ray record of the gallbladder
intravenous
X-ray of gallbladder and bile ducts
cholecystography after intravenous injection of dye
lower
gastrointestinal
series (lower GI)
X-ray of colon and rectum after
barium dye injected via an enema;
also called a barium enema (BE)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.18
Color enhanced X-ray of the colon taken during a barium enema.
(CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diagnostic Imaging
percutaneous
transhepatic
X-ray of liver and bile duct after dye is
cholangiography injected directly into liver
(PTC)
upper
gastrointestinal
series (upper
GI)
X-ray of esophagus, stomach, and
duodenum after swallowing barium;
also called barium swallow
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endoscopic Procedures
colonoscope
instrument used to visually examine
the colon
colonoscopy
process of visually examining the
colon
endoscopic
retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
(ERCP)
visual examine inside hepatic duct,
common bile duct, and pancreatic
duct
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endoscopic Procedures
esophagogastrousing a scope to view inside the
duodenoscopy
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
(EGD)
gastroscope
instrument used to visually examine
the stomach
gastroscopy
process of visually examining inside of
stomach
laparoscope
instrument used to visually examine
inside the abdominal cavity
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endoscopic Procedures
laparoscopy
process of visually examining inside of
abdominal cavity
sigmoidoscope
instrument used to visually examine
the sigmoid colon
sigmoidoscopy
process of visually examining inside of
sigmoid colon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Sigmoidoscopy Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of sigmoidoscopy.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Diagnostic Procedures
paracentesis
insertion of needle into abdominal cavity
to withdraw fluid
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Intravenous
intra- + ven/o + -ous
 Pertaining to within a vein
• Cholecystography
cholecyst/o + -graphy
 Process of recording the gallbladder
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Endoscopy
endo- + -scopy
 Process of viewing inside
• Percutaneous
per- + cutane/o + -ous
 Pertaining to through the skin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Dental Procedures
bridge
dental appliance attached to adjacent teeth
to replace missing teeth
crown
artificial tooth to replace original crown
denture
partial or complete set of artificial teeth
extraction
removing teeth
implant
prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a tooth
root canal
drilling out of pulp cavity of a tooth; used to
save a tooth that is badly infected
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Procedures
gavage
placing liquid nourishment directly into
stomach via a nasogastric tube
lavage
washing out stomach using a
nasogastric tube
nasogastric
intubation
(NG tube)
flexible catheter inserted into nose and
down esophagus into the stomach
total
providing 100% of patient nutrition;
parenteral
used when patient is unable to eat
nutrition (TPN)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nasogastric Intubation Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on nasogastric intubation.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Dieticians Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on registered dieticians.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
anastomosis
surgical creation of a connection
between two organs; like joining
together two sections of colon
appendectomy
surgical removal of appendix
bariatric surgery
surgical procedures to treat
morbid obesity; like stomach
stapling
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
choledocholithotripsy
surgical crushing of a gallstone
in the common bile duct
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
colectomy
surgical removal of the colon
colostomy
surgical creation of opening into some
portion of colon through abdominal
wall
diverticulectomy surgical removal of diverticula
exploratory
laparotomy
surgical procedure to examine the
abdominal organs
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.19A
The colon illustrating various –ostomy sites.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 8.19B
Colostomy in the descending colon.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
fistulectomy
removal of a fistula
gastrectomy
surgical removal of the stomach
gastric stapling
procedure to close off large section
of stomach with rows of staples;
results in much smaller stomach
gastrostomy
surgical procedure to create a new
opening into the stomach through
abdominal wall
hemorrhoidectomy surgical removal of hemorrhoids
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
hernioplasty
surgical repair of a hernia
ileostomy
surgical creation of a new opening
into the ileum
laparoscopic
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
through a laparoscopic incision
laparotomy
to cut into the abdominal cavity
liver transplant
implantation of a donor liver
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the palate
pharyngoplasty surgical repair of the pharynx
proctopexy
surgical fixation of the rectum and anus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
• Nasogastric
nas/o + gastr/o + -ic
 Pertaining to the nose and stomach
• Appendectomy
append/o + -ectomy
 Surgical removal of the appendix
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
• Choledochlithotripsy
choledoch/o + lith/o + -tripsy
 Crushing a stone in the common bile
duct
• Colostomy
col/o + -ostomy
 Create a new opening into the colon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Pharmacology
anorexiant
suppresses appetite to
treat obesity
Adipost,
Obezine
antacid
neutralizes stomach acid
Tums, Maalox,
Mylanta
antidiarrheal
used to control diarrhea
Imodium,
Lomotil
antiemetic
treats nausea and
vomiting
Compazine,
Phenergan
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Pharmacology
emetic
induces vomiting
Ipecac syrup
H2-receptor
antagonist
blocks the production
of stomach acid
Zantac, Pepcid,
Tagament
laxative
stimulates a bowel
movement
Senokot,
Metamucil
proton pump
inhibitor
blocks stomach’s
ability to secrete acid
Nexium, Prilosec
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Abbreviations
ac
before meals
ALT
alanine transaminase
AST
aspartate transaminase
Ba
barium
BE
barium enema
BM
bowel movement
BS
bowel sounds
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Abbreviations
CBD
common bile duct
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
FOBT
fecal occult blood test
GB
gallbladder
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Abbreviations
HAV
hepatitis A virus
HBV
hepatitis B virus
HCl
hydrochloric acid
HCV
hepatitis C virus
HDV
hepatitis D virus
HEV
hepatitis E virus
HSV-1
herpes simplex virus type 1
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Abbreviations
IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
IVC
intravenous cholangiography
NG
nasogastric
NPO
nothing by mouth
n&v
nausea and vomiting
O&P
ova and parasites
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Digestive System Abbreviations
pc
after meals
PO
by mouth
pp
postprandial
PTC
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
TPN
total parenteral nutrition
UGI
upper gastrointestinal series
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Combining Forms Match Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
bucc/o
cirrh/o
dent/o
gloss/o
or/o
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
tooth
yellow
tongue
cheek
mouth
Classroom Response System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 1
Which is NOT an accessory organ of the
digestive system?
A. Spleen
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Salivary glands
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 1
Which is NOT an accessory organ of the
digestive system?
A. Spleen
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Salivary glands
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 2
The roof of the oral cavity is formed by
the:
A. Uvula
B. Gingiva
C. Palate
D. Salivary gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 2
The roof of the oral cavity is formed by
the:
A. Uvula
B. Gingiva
C. Palate
D. Salivary gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 3
The _______ is the part of a tooth visible
above the gum line.
A. Cementum
B. Crown
C. Dentin
D. Root
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 3
The _______ is the part of a tooth visible
above the gum line.
A. Cementum
B. Crown
C. Dentin
D. Root
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 4
The folds in the lining of the stomach are
called:
A. Antra
B. Pylorus
C. Fundus
D. Rugae
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 4
The folds in the lining of the stomach are
called:
A. Antra
B. Pylorus
C. Fundus
D.Rugae
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 5
The first section of the small intestine is
the:
A. Ileum
B. Jejunum
C. Cecum
D. Duodenum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 5
The first section of the small intestine is
the:
A. Ileum
B. Jejunum
C. Cecum
D.Duodenum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 6
Which organ is responsible for producing
bile?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Stomach
D. Gallbladder
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 6
Which organ is responsible for producing
bile?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Stomach
D. Gallbladder
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 7
Which term means inflammation of the
gallbladder?
A. Choledochitis
B. Cholecystitis
C. Cholecystolithiasis
D. Cholecystalgia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 7
Which term means inflammation of the
gallbladder?
A. Choledochitis
B. Cholecystitis
C. Cholecystolithiasis
D. Cholecystalgia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 8
Which term means being unable to
swallow or eat?
A. Polyphagia
B. Dysphagia
C. Aphagia
D. Bradyphagia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 8
Which term means being unable to
swallow or eat?
A. Polyphagia
B. Dysphagia
C. Aphagia
D. Bradyphagia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 9
Which term is a small tumor on a stem
attachment?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Polyp
Varices
Diverticulum
Ascites
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 9
Which term is a small tumor on a
stem attachment?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Polyp
Varices
Diverticulum
Ascites
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 10
Which term refers to the burning
sensation caused by stomach acid
splashing up into the esophagus?
A. Emesis
B. Melena
C. Pyrosis
D. Cachexia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 10
Which term refers to the burning
sensation caused by stomach acid
splashing up into the esophagus?
A. Emesis
B. Melena
C. Pyrosis
D. Cachexia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 11
Herpes labialis is also called:
A. Fever blisters
B. Polyps
C. Cleft lip
D. Hemorrhoids
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 11
Herpes labialis is also called:
A. Fever blisters
B. Polyps
C. Cleft lip
D. Hemorrhoids
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 12
The condition in which the bowel twists
upon itself is called:
A. Intussusception
B. Ileus
C. Volvulus
D. Dysentery
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 12
The condition in which the bowel twists
upon itself is called:
A. Intussusception
B. Ileus
C. Volvulus
D. Dysentery
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 13
Which of the following is a chronic liver
disease?
A. Cholecystitis
B. Polyposis
C. Varices
D. Cirrhosis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 13
Which of the following is a chronic liver
disease?
A. Cholecystitis
B. Polyposis
C. Varices
D.Cirrhosis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 14
The condition of having outpouches off
the colon is called:
A. Diverticulosis
B. Crohn’s disease
C. Ulcerative colitis
D. Peptic ulcer disease
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 14
The condition of having outpouches off
the colon is called:
A. Diverticulosis
B. Crohn’s disease
C. Ulcerative colitis
D. Peptic ulcer disease
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 15
A lower GI series is also called a:
A. Colonoscopy
B. Barium enema
C. Sigmoidoscopy
D. Barium swallow
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 15
A lower GI series is also called a:
A. Colonoscopy
B. Barium enema
C. Sigmoidoscopy
D. Barium swallow
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 16
Which of the following procedures
examines the inside of the abdominal
cavity?
A. Laparoscopy
B. Colonoscopy
C. Gastroscopy
D. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 16
Which of the following procedures
examines the inside of the abdominal
cavity?
A. Laparoscopy
B. Colonoscopy
C. Gastroscopy
D. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 17
Which procedure is used to wash out the
stomach?
A. Gavage
B. Lavage
C. Anastomosis
D. Paracentesis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 17
Which procedure is used to wash out the
stomach?
A. Gavage
B. Lavage
C. Anastomosis
D. Paracentesis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 18
Which procedure is used to remove an
abnormal tube-like passageway?
A. Gastric stapling
B. Extraction
C. Hemorrhoidectomy
D. Fistulectomy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 18
Which procedure is used to remove an
abnormal tube-like passageway?
A. Gastric stapling
B. Extraction
C. Hemorrhoidectomy
D.Fistulectomy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 19
Which medication is NOT used to reduce
stomach acid or treat stomach ulcers?
A. Proton pump inhibitor
B. Anorexiant
C. H2-receptor antagonist
D. Antacid
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 19
Which medication is NOT used to reduce
stomach acid or treat stomach ulcers?
A. Proton pump inhibitor
B. Anorexiant
C. H2-receptor antagonist
D. Antacid
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 20
Which of the following abbreviations is
NOT a lab test?
A. FOBT
B. ALT
C. O&P
D. GERD
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 20
Which of the following abbreviations is
NOT a lab test?
A. FOBT
B. ALT
C. O&P
D.GERD
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht