Transcript Healthy and Wholesome Aquaculture 3.4.3.3 Control

Species Introductions:
Impacts on Aquatic Animal
Health and Trade
C.V.Mohan
NACA
Purpose of introductions and movements
• An established practice since the mid- 19th
century
• Intentional, Unintentional, Unknown
reasons
–
–
–
–
–
Aquaculture
Fisheries enhancement
Angling/sport fishing
Ornamental fish trade
Biological control of undesirable species
Aquatic species introductions
Cause of import
Known and intentional
Aquaculture
Fisheries
Ornamental
Research
Oher reasons
Total intentional
Known but unintentional
Angling/sport
Diffused from other countries
Accidental
Bait
Total unintentional
Unknown
No. of records
%
1386
299
263
104
272
2324
39
8
7
3
8
65
283
139
267
14
703
552
8
4
8
>1
20
15
Source: www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/fishery/statist/fisoft/dias/statisti.htm
Species introduced
Group of species # Records
Fishes
2574
Molluscs
294
Crustaceans
191
Algae and plants
35
Other invertebrates
29
Other vertebrates
18
%
82
9
6
1
1
1
Source: www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/fishery/statist/fisoft/dias/statisti.htm
Reasons for increasing trend
• Expansion, intensification and diversification of
aquaculture
– based heavily on movements of live aquatic animals
and animal products (broodstock, seed and feed)
• Advances in aquatic animal trade facilitated by
improved transportation efficiency
• World trade liberalisation and globalisation
Examples of successes and failures
• Chile: introduced coho salmon, Atlantic salmon and
rainbow trout
– world’s leading producer of farmed salmonids
– Provides foreign exchange and employment for thousands of
people in areas where there are few other opportunities for
development
• Philippines: introduction of the golden apple snails to
increase rural aquacultrue production and for export
purposes
– Resulted in severe rice production losses, infested area
expanded rapidly, and they are now considered the most
serious pest problem in major rice growing areas in the
country
Examples of successes and failures
• Nile perch (Lates niloticus) introduction into
Lake Victoria
– Turned a primarily artisanal fishery into a multimillion dollar industrial fishery and processing
operation
– Tremendous income generated
– Socio-economic system of the community changed
• But, hundreds of indigenous species lost to
predation
• Many more examples…
Risks and Impacts of
Trans-boundary Aquatic
Animal Pathogens/
Diseases
Trans-boundary aquatic animal
pathogens/diseases
• have the potential for very rapid spread, through
movements (introductions and transfers) of
hosts, causing serious consequences.
• cause a high morbidity and mortality in
susceptible animal populations and they
constitute a constant threat to aquaculture and
the livelihood of farmers.
 Cause negative environmental impacts through
die-offs in wildlife populations
 Increase poverty levels particularly in poor
communities that have a high dependence on
aquaculture farming for sustenance
 Cause critical shortfalls in production systems,
destabilise market thereby reducing farm
incomes
Trigger trade barriers; seriously disrupt or inhibit
trade in live aquatic animals and their products
either within a country or internationally.
1971
1989
1989
1996
1983
1991
1988
1984
1985
1981
1984
1983
1979
1987
1980
Spread of EUS
1972
Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome
• A serious finfish disease in Asia-Pacific since
1970’s
• Affecting more than 100 species of wild and
cultured fresh and brackish water species
• Single fungal species is the necessary cause –
‘Aphanomyces invadans’
• Massive socio-economic impact
• Continues to expand its range, the latest into
the rivers of the Indus in the Punjab of
Pakistan
• Ulcerative Mycosis in USA, same as EUS?
1998
1991,
1994
1997
2000
??
1995
2000
2000?
???
Groupers/seabass
VNN spread
1988,
1991, 1997
1998
2000
Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN)
• A serious viral problem to grouper culture
• First reported in Japan in 1991 and 1994
• Major outbreaks occurred in Singapore in
1991 and 1997; Thailand in 1995; South
Korea and Indonesia in 1998; Australia,
Philippines and China in 2000
• Expanding trend in grouper aquaculture and
related trade – without appropriate health
management measures, increases the risk of
introducing the pathogen into new localities
and environments
1990’s
??
Groupers and other marine
cultured/aquarium fish
Neobenedenia girellae
• Monogenean parasite
• Introduced to Japan via imported amberjack fry
• Caused heavy mortalities among flounder cultured
in floating cages
• 15 species of cultured marine fishes (e.g. groupers,
flounders and brackishwater tilapia) become
susceptible
• serious problem to grouper culture in SE Asia
WSD: first occurence
1993
1991/92
White Spot Disease (WSD)
• Unarguably the most serious pathogen of cultivated
shrimp in the world
• First serious outbreaks in China in 1993
• Production dropped from 135,000 metric tons to
30,000 metric tons in 1 year (70% drop)
• Global estimate of cumulative lost production to date
exceeds 1 M metric tons
• Questions on origin and spread of WSSV needs careful
investigation
– Seed and brood
– Frozen shrimp
– Feed??
The Asian pandemic
1993
1993
1991/2
1993
1999
1993
1994
Emergence and spread
in the Americas
1996
1997
1995
2000
2000
1999
1999
1999
Taura Syndrome Virus
(TSV) to Taiwan and Asia
• Losses due to TSV in the Americas – 1990-1991: US$
1-2 M
• First reported in 1999 in Taiwan
• Resulted from import of P. vannamei for aquaculture
• TSV confirmed in Indonesia
• P. vannamei being legally/illegally imported to other
countries with the same risk
• Need for Import risk analysis, quarantine and health
certification
International/regional codes
and guidelines
for aquatic animal health and
movement of live aquatic animals
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement 1995)
‘reference to protection of life and health from hazards
in food’
• 142 members including ASEAN, FAO, NACA,
SEAFDEC member governments
• OIE or World Animal Health Organization - is the
relevant organization with respect to animal health
including aquatic animal health (diagnosis, screening
and reporting)
Office International des Epizooties –
World Animal Health Organization
• OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code
• OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases
obligatory
158 Member
Governments
• NACA/FAO and OIE Asia-Pacific
Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease
Reporting System
mid 1998, 18 quarterly
issues published to-date
beginning January 2002
• FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries (Art. 9.3.3)
“States should, in order to minimise risks of disease
transfer and other adverse effects on wild and cultured
stocks, encourage adoption of appropriate practices
….”
• Asia Regional Guidelines on Health
Considerations for the Responsible
Movement of Live Aquatic Animals
(FAO/NACA/ASEAN)
“Technical Guidelines”
• Developed through three years of awareness
raising and consensus building
• Adopted by 21 participating countries (AsiaPacific region) in Beijing in June 2000
• Adopted by ASEAN Fisheries Working Group
in Bali in September 2001 as an ASEAN policy
document
• Endorsed by the ASEAN/SEAFDEC Millenium
Conference on Fish for People in November
2001 in Bangkok
National Strategies on
Aquatic Animal Health Management
Different stages of development
APEC/ASEAN/FAO/NACA/SEAFDEC
21 Member Governments in Asia-Pacific
Australia Bangladesh Cambodia China PR
Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Japan Korea
DPR Korea RO Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar
Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri
Lanka Thailand Vietnam and recently Brunei
Darussalam
Examples of National Strategies
• Australia: ‘AQUAPLAN’ contains a five
year strategic plan for aquatic animal health;
prepared through close consultation between
government and industry; initiatives ranging
from border controls and import certification,
enhanced veterinary education, capacity to
manage exotic animal disease incursions
• Remains free from several major aquatic
diseases which has given the country a
comparative advantage, both in terms of
production and trade
Examples of National Strategies
• Singapore: “Accredited Ornamental Fish
Exporters Scheme” and “Code of Practice for
Ornamental Fish Exporters”
– Good management, hygiene practices, general
lay-out of premises especially with reference to
quarantine facilities
• Remains to be the world’s top exporter of
ornamentals
Examples of National Strategies
• Thailand: a good model for establishing strong
relationships between government and industry
sector
• Strong support to industry
– Reinvesting profit from shrimp exports to improved
aquatic animal health capabilities
– Established a ‘Code of Conduct for Marine Shrimp
Farming” – government and industry cooperation to meet
the industry’s goals for environmental, social and
economic responsibility
• Remains to be one of the leading shrimp producer
• Risks of major epidemics will continue to threaten
• Newly emerging trans-boundary diseases will COST
governments and private sector MUCH MORE in
production losses, treatments and efforts to contain and
eradicate them than would have spent to PREVENT
their ENTRIES INTO NEW AREAS.
• All efforts will be ineffective without STRONG
NATIONAL COMMITMENT from RESPONSIBLE
ADMINISTRATION and ACTIVE SUPPORT and
COOPERATION from the PRIVATE SECTOR!
Keep the pathogens OUT!
• Precautionary approach
• Import Risk analysis
(IRA)
• Responsible Movement
of Live Aquatic Animals
to minimise the risk
• Improved compliance
with agreements/treaties
“prevention is better than cure”