Transcript sen_sem_w11_class_7

Senior Seminar 2 Winter 2011
ISP 4860
Section 001 (Bowen)
Class 7, February 28
Course web site: www.is.wayne.edu/drbowen/SenSemW11
Agenda
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Pictures
New on course website
Late / returned / future assignments
Content:
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Ecosystem Services (review and extension)
Food and Fish
Water
Approaches to Solutions
• Writing
 Planning for Chapters 2 and 3
 Grammar
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New Course resources
• www.is.wayne.edu/drbowen/SenSemW11
 Global Warming
• History
 Ecology
• Unintended Ecological Consequences
 Fish and Food
• Japan Recalls Whaling Fleet
 Consumption
• Consumers hanging on to stuff longer
• Rising world energy demand
 Earth monitoring examples
• Earth Observer
• Google Earth Engine
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Assignments Coming Up
• Past: choice of topic, Paper Planner for
Chapter 1, List of references, file via
Moodle
• This Week - February 28: draft of Chapter 1
(the overview chapter, file via Moodle)
• Next week (March 7) Drafts of Chapters 2
and 3 (status and trends, file via Moodle)
• Two weeks (March 14) Spring Break
• Three weeks (March 21) Revised Chapter 1
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Topics
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Jeff Blake: Globalization
Baron Crumpler: Sustainable food for the 21st century
Juanita Hatcher: Water - polluted rivers in North America
William Hurt: Energy Efficiency
Pamela Jones: Urbanization
Jennifer Kelley: disease/development with an emphasis on
indigenous groups in Central America
• Loreese Lee: Water Abuse
• Michele Norris: populations that are being affected because of the
destruction of fish (commercially or environmentally) as a food
source
• Diane Smith: Government funding for meeting the needs of
treatment for diseases in the low income, poverty areas
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Research portfolio
• Self-assessment will be repeated two
more times during semester
 March 7, next week (self-assessment)
 April 4 (self-assessment and Instructor
assessment)
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Late Assignments
• Still three people without Moodle
accounts:
 Elaine Hawkins
 Cardale Patterson
 Shannel Redding
• Choice of topic – same three missing
• Chapter 1 Planner missing: Juanita
Hatcher, Elaine Hawkins, William Hurt,
Cardale Patterson, Shannel Redding
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Late Assignments
• List of References: eight missing
 Jeff Blake, Juanita Hatcher, Elaine Hawkins,
William Hurt, Michele Norris, Cardale
Patterson, Shannel Redding, Diane Smith
• Draft of Chapter 1: ten missing
 Jeff Blake, Baron Crumpler, Juanita Hatcher,
Elaine Hawkins, William Hurt, Loreese Lee,
Michele Norris, Cardale Patterson, Shannel
Redding, Diane Smith
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Late Assignments
• Reminders:
 Putting work off makes it pile up
 Putting work off means forgetting how
 Part of grade is getting work in on time
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So What?
• If you are more than a week behind, get
help
 From me:
• Office hours one hour before class
• Or Tue and Thu 2:30 – 3:30 in 216 Physics
• Telephone, email, IM, make appointment
 Research Librarians
• In person, at any WSU library
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Citations with Web Example
Lists of References
• Most references look good.
 Some that I have questions about – noted in
feedback.
• MLA name is “Works Cited” (without the
quotes)
• Some have very incomplete bibliographic
information. See The Everyday Writer or
the MLA website on the course website.
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Citations and Works Cited
• Web example: on Works Cited page
 Page ID is first thing
 “Kenya Population.” World Population
Prospects: The 2006 Revision. Feb. 2009.
United Nations Population Division. 2/11/09.
http://esa.un.org/unpp/p2k0data.asp.
• Citation (Kenya Population)
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Citations and Works Cited
• Citation – what goes in the Chapter itself
• Web page example
 First choice for citation is author name (not
present in this example)
 If no author name go to second choice which
is page title (used this in this example)
 If no title, third choice for ID would be name of
organization
 If no page numbers, then citation is just top
choice from above
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Citations and Works Cited
• On Works Cited page
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Author (if given)
Title (if given)
Print publication information (if given)
Electronic publication information
Access information (including date accessed
and URL in angle brackets <>
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Content: Ecosystem Services
Review
Content: Ecosystem Services
• Ecosystem services
 In SOP, “Prospects for Biodiversity”
 E.S.: emphasize what the natural world does
for us and put a dollar value on it
• Not 100% precise: do we include aesthetic values
such as beauty and relaxation, and what are they
worth in $?
 One estimate (link on course website) $1654T, when world GDP was $18T
• Much of estimated value outside of markets
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Ecosystem Services
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Another list (Science article)
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Atmospheric gas regulation
Climate regulation
Disturbance regulation
Water regulation
Water supply: Storage and retention of water
Erosion control and sediment retention
Soil formation
Nutrient cycling
Waste treatment
Pollination
Biological regulations of populations
Habitat for resident and transient populations
Food production
Raw materials (e.g. lumber)
Genetic resources
Recreation
Cultural
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Ecosystem Services
• Biodiversity
 Importance: indicates how reliable that
service is
• Biodiversity is the raw material for adapting to
changes
• If biodiversity decreases, extinction gets closer
• Without biodiversity, cannot genetically adapt to
changes
• Humans can adapt in other ways than genetic but
natural world cannot
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Ecosystem Services
• Biodiversity
 We are in the midst of large wave of
extinctions – one of biggest ever
• May be due to us
• Deforestation pressures to gain farmland
o We don’t even know what most of the species are
• Fresh and saltwater overfishing, loss of diversity
o Fish are adapting: stay small, propagate early
» May not be healthy in long run
• Cropland - monoculture
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
• UN project to do a comprehensive
assessment of all ecosystems
 Years before and after 2000
 Four areas of Ecosystem Services
• Provisioning (water, food, fiber, etc.)
• Regulating (air and water purification, flood control,
etc.)
• Cultural (Aesthetic, spiritual, recreational, etc.)
• Supporting the other three (nutrient recycling, soil
formation, etc.)
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
• General findings that are worse than
previously thought
 Unfamiliar ecosystems in trouble also
 Interactions between ecosystems
 Unsustainable use
• Examples: overfishing, overgrazing, overlogging
(Michigan)
 Gap between world rich and poor is
increasing
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Biodiversity
• Pretty sure species are disappearing at a
high rate
• Suspicion we might be a big cause (not
that we are evil, but that we are ignorant)
 We can adapt to change quickly, and the
species we tend to we can help
 But wild species take thousands of
generations (insects and pests do well!)
 Forests, coral reefs, wetlands all shelter the
young of many species from predation
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Biodiversity
• We need to become smarter about this
• Until then we probably need to be more
cautious
• Is there a risk to us?
 We don’t know, but maybe
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Content: Food / Fish
Content: Food / Fish
• Fish Pp 29 - 36
• Food:
 (Security) Pp 108 – 110
 (Security) Pp 154 - 159
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Fish
• Much overfishing around the world
 US has relatively good control here
 Keep fishing allowances down so that stock is
replenished
• Countries where fish is more important in
diet often overfish as population and
prosperity grow
 Subsidies to fishermen – can make little sense
 “Factory” Trawlers – full processing plants
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Fish
• Coastal fish more numerous but
overfished
• Trend is to have to fish further from shore,
deeper waters, for fish that were once
rejected (Figure 3 Pg 42)
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Factory Trawlers
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Food
• Issue today is Food Security – we have
enough food, but many people do not
have a reliable supply
 Pests, spoilage, pilfering
• However, recent gains are stalling, food no
longer rising as fast as population
• For ~ 10,000 years, farmers selected best
of local crop
 Much more productive of food for humans
than original wild versions
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Green Revolution
• 1980s “Green Revolution”
 Government-financed research centers for
major grains
 Found best rice genes from around world, put
them in one type
 Done for all major grains
 Done through normal plant breeding, just
select the breeds and put them together
 Came to require many resources: irrigation,
fertilizer, pesticides (monoculture)
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Green Revolution  GMOs
• 1980s “Green Revolution”
 Often too expensive for poor farmers
• Now, Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMOs)
 Private commercial development
 Select genes from across species, even
between plants and animals
 Transfer directly, without breeding
 Can decrease need for resources but seed is
expensive
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GMOs
• Genes make proteins, so plant has
proteins from different species
 Can tailor crops to type of farmland, etc.
• But proteins are from foods, so known to
be safe for human consumption:
“Frankenfood”
 DB: “like chewing strawberries and
hamburger together”
 Still, controversial in much of developed world
 Because of resource savings, poor farmers
have little choice, but still expensive
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Food Supply
• Biggest need for more food will come from
prosperity, if this leads to “eating higher on
the food chain/web.”
 Factory farms generate large amounts of
animal waste, can be an environmental and
aesthetic hazard
• Climate Change can disrupt agriculture
• HIV/AIDS disrupting populations, killing
adults
• Education needed to apply modern
methods
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Food and Trade Policy
• US subsidizes food exports
 US farmers well organized, dependent
 US Food aid often requires purchase of food
from US
• Local farmers in poor countries often
cannot compete with these subsidized
prices
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World Controversy
• Modern mechanized agriculture Vs
improved earlier methods, e.g. less
plowing (just make a slit)
• Arguments:
 Ecosystem can’t take increase requirements
for water, fertilizer, pesticides, plus do not like
GMOs
 Earlier methods, even improved, can’t
produce enough food
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Content: Water
Water
• How we consume water:
 Domestic – drinking, bathing, sanitation
 Agricultural – irrigation, animals
 Industrial, including electricity
• Not equally distributed
 A few countries have most of the fresh water
 Asia – 60% of population, 30% of fresh water
 Conflicts if river, lake shared
• Many people do not have adequate
access
 Water-borne diseases – often preventable
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Water Use by Sector
Region
Agriculture
Industry
Domestic
Developing
countries
81%
11%
8%
Industrial
countries
46%
41%
13%
World
70%
20%
10%
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Water
• Water supply today characterized by large
infrastructure projects
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Dams
Aqueducts (enclosed) and canals (open, evap)
Water and sewage plants
Displaced people
• In US, many smaller flood-control dams
without efficient generators being torn down
• Water heavy, bulky, expensive to transport
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Sources with Problems
• Rivers without flow into ocean
 Colorado, Nile, Yellow, others
• Disappearing lakes
 Lake Chad (Africa), Aral Sea (Asia), Sea of
Galilee, Dead Sea
• Overpumping of aquifers (what feeds
wells), unsustainable
• Loss of habitat
 River beds
 Wetlands
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Water Scarcity
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Water
• Often a source of international conflict
 Middle East
• Some degree of water scarcity:
 Today, 40% of world population needs more
water
 2025 – over 75% estimated to need more
water
• Much growth in poor cities already short of water
• Much water is wasted – evaporation,
leakage from pipes: 45%
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Water Conflicts
• Fewer than might be expected
• Farmers Vs Cities
 Connection between water and food
• Upstream Vs Downstream
• Example: Israel/Palestine
 Israel 2x population but 7x water
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Goals and Challenges
• UN goal to reduce by half by 2105 the
population without adequate access
 Not on target
• Problems with this goal:
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Regional & international water conflicts
Unsustainable groundwater use
Climate Change
Declining ability to monitor water use
Long lead times, uncertain projections
Much population growth in poor cities with
unsustainable water use already
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Possible New Approaches
• Focus on basic human needs
• Pricing to encourage efficient sustainable
use
 Low/no water use in sanitation
 Efficient industry
 Drip agriculture, furrows to slow runoff
• Recycling – suit quality to use
• Include all stakeholders in planning
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US Water Productivity
SOP, Pg 66
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Recycling - Suiting Quality to Use
• Potable (drinkable) is highest quality
• Now, all water is potable
• Could use bathwater for watering lawn or
flushing
• Can be done industrially also
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Water and …
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Water and Food
Water and Global Warming
Water and Population
Water and Development
Water and Ecosystem
Water and Disease
Water and Urbanization
Water and Sustainability
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Content: Approaches to
Solutions
Approaches to Solutions:
Supply or Demand?
Area
Increase Supply
Food & GMOs (agriculture)
fish
Fish farming
Water Purification,
desalination
Energy Biofuels, nuclear,
drill
Reduce Demand
Eat lower on food
chain
More efficient
agriculture, recycling
Efficiency
• Solutions often offered as either-or
• Must be smart about increasing supply
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Approaches to Solutions:
Supply or Demand?
Increase Supply
Pro
Con
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Reduce Demand
Cannot be sure of
cutting demand
enough
Could make present
supply sufficient,
even reduce it,
better for ecosystem
Expensive, hard for May be a hard sell
poorest to adopt ,
may harm
ecosystem
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Approaches to Solutions:
Supply or Demand?
• If neither approach can be guaranteed, is
it prudent to have both in hand?
• Can we find another path to prosperity
besides “stuff”? E.g. “virtual stuff”?
 Base needs: water, food, air
• “Virtual stuff” even here, especially for food – make
“lower on the food chain” eat like “higher on the
food chain”
• Even some helps
 Other needs could be more virtual if done well
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Writing
Writing:
Words That Sound the Same
• More words that sound alike:
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perspective Vs prospective
dual Vs duel
conscience Vs conscious
do Vs due
verses Vs versus
site Vs sight
who's Vs whose
feat Vs feet
read Vs reed
vary Vs very
rigor Vs rigger
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Writing:
Explanations
• If you explain a term, name or acronym, do this
the first time you use it. Examples:
 A term not in common use, such as Battery Electric
Vehicle
 Always spell out an acronym
 If you are going to put the title of a book in the body of
your paper, do this the first time you use it.
 If you are going to describe a person, such as
Kennedy, either naming this person as the author of a
book, or to describe his/her qualifications
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Writing:
Explanations
• Do not assume that your reader knows an
uncommon piece of information before you
explain it. The explanation comes:
 Before the use
OR
 Possibly later in the same sentence
OR
 At the latest in the very next sentence.
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Writing:
Word Choice
• who Vs whom – which one to use?
• Alternate phrasings, to avoid being
repetitive:
 Nouns: [name e.g. Kennedy], author, writer,
authority, expert, precede with “this”
 Verbs: writes, claims, asserts, points out, tells
us, documents (include an object as in
“documents this”)
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Writing:
Joining Words
• Two words used as one adjective
(modifies a noun or another adjective) are
joined with a hyphen (unless the joined
form is a word in its own right).
 Hyphen examples:
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my recently-purchased computer
my just-refurbished home
a wholly-owned car
a highly-regarded authority
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Writing:
Joining Words
• Two words used as one adjective
(modifies a noun or another adjective) are
joined with a hyphen (unless the joined
form is a word in its own right).
 Non-hyphenated examples:
• every day Vs everyday
o I do this every day
o … my everyday china …
• no where Vs nowhere
o “bridge to nowhere”
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Small Groups
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Answer questions from cards
Answer goes on separate paper
Report is names plus answers
Done when report is in
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Writing (Review)
• Sentences
 Verb, Subject, Complete Thought
 Sentences: incomplete (part), runon (two)
• Number (singular = one, plural = more)
 Do not change without a reason and a
warning to reader
• Tense (past, present, future)
 Do not change without a reason and a
warning to reader
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Writing (Review)
• Punctuation
 Apostrophe for contraction or possession but
not pluralization
• Words that sound alike
 Common, get a dictionary or a list
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Sentence Discussion
What is wrong with these
sentences?