Transcript Zoology

Zoology
Phylum Chordates
Class Amphibians
I. Intro to Amphibians
A. Meaning…
”ability to live on land and water”
B. a.k.a.  Tetrapods (4 legs)
C. Aquatic  Terrestrial
 metamorphosis
 always require a water source
i. Keep skin moist
ii. Needed to lay eggs
D. Thin skinned
E. Cold blooded – body temp is same as outside
temp.
II. Order Caudata
A. Name = having a tail
B. Ex: salamanders and newts
1. Tropical and Temperate Regions
2. Carnivores
a. Arthropods, mollusks, annelids
3. Internal fertilization
4. Posses gills, lungs, or both
5. Ability to regenerate
6. Some have toxic skin
7. Bright and dull colors
III. Order Anura
A. Ex: Frogs and Toads
B. Anura  w/o a tail (adult)
C. Needs water source
D. “Jumpers”
E. Larvae is called…
1. tadpole
2. polliwog
F. Pass through metamorphosis
IV. The Frog
A. Habitat + Size
1. Rana Pipiens  common American Frog
 Temperate + tropical (Panama Canada
2. Smallest
 1 cm (gold frog)
3. Largest
 30 cm (goliath frog)
 eats rats and ducks
4. Hibernate  during winter
a. Gather fats – insulation
 protects body organs
B. Enemies + Defense Mechanisms
1. Snakes, birds, raccoons, fish, turtles,
humans
2. Defense…
a. Quick jumping
b. Biting
c. Poison glands (poison dart frog)
d. Playing dead
e. Blow up lungs
C. Declines in Frog Populations
1. Worldwide trend
 global warming (changed weather
patterns)
 pollution
 habitat destruction
 non-native predators
 ozone depletion
D. Integument System (skin)
1. 2 layers
a. Epidermis
i. Outer layer – can molt
ii. Keratin – tough fibrous material
-abrasion
-water loss
*What would have a greater keratin deposit
on it’s skin? A frog or a toad? Why?
b. Dermis
i. Inner layer
ii. Mucous glands (keep skin moist)
iii. Serous gland (produces skin
poison)
poison dart frogs
2. Chromatophores
a. Allow color change (blending in)
b. 3 types
i. melanophores
-brown + black
ii. Iridophores
-silver / light reflecting
iii. Xanthophores
-red, blue, orange, yellow
E. Skeletal System
1. Job
a. Support body
b. Aid in Move
c. Protect organs
2. Some Bones to know…
a. Urostyle – former tail of tadpole
b. Ilium – similar to hips
c. Ischium – tailbone
d. Phalanges – tips of toes/fingers
-4 on hands
-5 on feet
*Most bones correspond to human bones*
Radio-ulna
Metacarpals
Tibio-fibula
Calcaneous
Tarsals
Humerous
Urostyle
Skull
Ischium
Metatarsals
Skull
Phalanges
Femur
Phalanges
Carpals
Ilium
Vertebrae
Astragalas
F. Muscular System
1. Enable the body to move
2. Support body organs
3. Protect body organs
4. Some muscles to know…
a. Rectus Abdominus – stomach
muscles
b. Latissimus Dorsi – rotates arms
c. Pectoralis – adducts arms
d. Triceps femoris – 3 headed leg muscle
e. Gastrocnemius – calf muscle
G. Respiratory + Vocal Systems
1. 3 breathing methods…
a. Body’s skin
b. Skin of mouth
c. Lungs
1. Internal Nares – small openings
used for breathing (nostrils)
2. Glottis – opening to lungs
3. Bronchi – connect each lung
4. Lungs (Hi to low pressure)
2. Vocal – larynx  vocal cords (males
more dominant)
Maxillary Teeth
Internal nares
Vomerine Teeth
Esophagus
Glottis
Tongue
H. Feeding + Digestive System
1. Tongue (protrusible)
a. Long + sticky
2. Esophagus – connects mouth to stomach
3. Stomach – rugae (folds that help move food)
4. Small intestine (absorbs nutrients)
5. Large intestine (recycles water + passes waste)
6. Cloaca – anus
7. Other digestive organs…
a. Liver (brown + 3 lobes + produces bile)
b. Gall bladder (green sac + stores bile)
c. Pancreas (yellow gland + pancreatic juices)
A
Esophagus
C
Stomach
D
Pancreas
F
Cloaca
J
Liver
K Gall Bladder
L Sm. Intestine
M Lg. Intestine
I. Circulatory System
1. Heart – 3 chambered (2 atria / 1 ventricle)
a. Atria – anterior; darker color; less
muscular
-Right Atria - receives deoxygenated
blood from body; pumps blood to ventricle
-Left Atria – receives oxygenated blood
from lungs; pumps blood to ventricle
b. Ventricle – posterior; triangle shape
-pumps bad blood to lungs; pumps good
blood to all parts of body
*Why does the ventricle have to be more muscular
than the atria?*
What would be one problem of a frog’s ventricle?
J. Reproductive System
1. Male
a. Testes – anterior of kidneys
-yellow/cream color
-produce sperm
b. Urinary Ducts
-carry urine and sperm to cloaca
2. Female
a. Ovaries – anterior of kidneys
-contains eggs (many) 2,000-3,000
-eggs – black and circular
b. Oviducts
-carry eggs out of body