Transcript Vectors & processes involved in biological invasions Dan

Alien aquatic biota:
patterns and current issues
Dan Minchin
INVASIVE SPECIES IN IRELAND
Belfast, 22 March 2007
I gratefully acknowledge:
Dr Cathy Maguire
IRELAND: EHSNI, EPA, MI, NPWS, NRFB,
SRFB, SRBD, UL, WI, WRFB,
ELSEWHERE: CAWTHRON & NIWA-NZ,
CRIMP-CSIRO, EU-ALARM, EU-DAISIE,
Friday Harbour, ICES-BWSG, ICESWGITMO, IUCN-ISSG, PICES,
Queensland Museum, NCMCC, Plymouth
ML, SAMS
…and many good friends
1.
EU projects ALARM &
DAISIE
2.
Some case histories
3.
Species on the move
EU FW6 Integrated Project - ALARM
Environmental risk
assessment
Modules:
climate, pollination,
socio-economics,
chemicals, bioinvasions
Bioinvasions
- pathways
http://www.alarmproject.net/alarm/
- ecosystem invasibility & risk
assessment
- traits of invaders
- management issues
Invasions –
Socio-economics
Management of
zebra mussels
on the Ebro
River – National
not regional
problem
Binimelis et al. 2005 ALARM Report
Invasions - Chemicals
Organotin (TBT)
toxicity in ports
1987-1993-1999-2005
Overall decline of TBT
Similar trend in France
Minchin & Oehlman (in prep)
Toolkits
Rapid assessments
Minchin 2007 Aquatic Invaders (in press)
Biopollution index
Olenin et al. 2007 Marine Pollution Bulletin (in press)
Community/habitat/ecosystem
Principle human
activities
Minchin 2007. Marine Pollution Bulletin (in press)
Minchin et al. (in prep.)
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Shipping
Wild fisheries
Culture
Ornamental
Live food
Leisure
Research/edu.
Biocontrol
Flow change
Others
“Invasion corridors” in Europe
Expansion
of Pontocaspian
species
Northern
corridor
special
study area
Records of alien species in European coastal waters
reported in Aquatic Invasions in 2006
Hemimysis anomala
Mytilopsis leucophaeata
Neogobius melanostomus
Cercopagis pengoi
Diadema setosum
Rapana venosa
Cardites akabana
Platax teira
Chromodoris
quadricolor
Eriocheir sinensis
Callinectes sapidus
Aplysia dactylomela
Parupeneus
forsskali
Charybdis feriata
Percon gibbesi
EU FW6
Strategic Targeted Research Project
DAISIE
www.europe-aliens.org
Join
the European Alien Species
Expertise Registry !
http://daisie.ckff.si
•
Linked to ALARM
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Register of experts
•
Alien species register
•
Invasive species
documentation
•
Mapping European
distributions
Irish database
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Alien & Cryptogenic
Freshwater (~101)
Marine and brackish (~75)
6 ‘new’ species in last year
ca 40 new localities in last year
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UK marine & brackish (~142)
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Decommissioned vessels
“Ghost ships”
US naval vessels
71 ships
Idle for many years
In oyster area
Oysters fouling hulls?
US to Europe
Breaking up yard in Britain
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Idle while being
dissembled
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Opportunities
for colonisation
Commercial species on hulls
Minchin & Gollasch 2003
Biofouling 19: 111-122
Blue mussel
19%
Pacific oyster 10%
Horse mussel
3%
Flat oyster
2%
Olympic oyster 2%
Soft shell clam 2%
Surf clams
2%
Oysters can carry diseases
Minchin & Mann 2003 ICES ITMOWG
Risk of transporting Perkensis and MSX
Risk of transporting other biota
Decommissioned vessels
Mytilus galloprovincialis
Styela clava
Minchin 2006 In: The ecology
of transportation. Springer
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Movements of fishes
European fish movements
García-Berthou et al. 2005. Introduction pathways and establishment rates of invasive
aquatic species in Europe. Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Science 62, 453-463.
The top-mouthed gudgeon
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Gozlan et al. 2005
Nature 435: 1046
Pseudorasbora parva
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Adverse impact of an introduction on native species
Rosette-like Agent
Identical
Mass Mortalities
Rosette Agent
Mass Mortalities
Global scale
Coarse fish
Recreational
fishing
Salmonids
Threat to
biodiversity
Aquaculture
industry
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An aquaculture story
An aquaculture story
Japanese eel imports
Parasite escapes to the wild
Parasite infects native eels
Native eels suffer organ damage
Atlantic eel stock alreading declining
Anguillicola a “coffin nail”
Pacific parasite of eels
Spread:
Adult eel movements
in tanks
Infected intermediate
stages, ballast water
Natural spread
Paratenic hosts
(insects?)
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Oysters move other
species – again!
Pressed for trade
Oyster movements have a long history
Since 1960’s Ireland prevented entry
EU trade in pacific oysters
January 1993 – half-grown imports
Minchin 1996 Aquatic
Conservation, Marine and
Freshwater Ecosystems 4:
229-244
Pacific oysters are imported
Trade agreement enter Ireland - 1993
Mytilicola orientalis becomes established
Oyster summer mortalities appear
Slipper limpets may be introduced with
bottom cultured oysters or mussels
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A gardner’s faut pas
The gardener’s hand
Garden centres
Introductions
of plants
Ornamental pond
plants rapidly speading
Lough Corrib
Country-wide
Lough Derg, Shannon
Nuttall’s pondweed
2005
2006
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Dens
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Water violet
Minchin & Boelens 2005 Irish Naturalists’ Journal
2006
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The cryptogen
Didemnum sp – a sea squirt
Likely to impact aquaculture and fisheries
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Photo: Liz Sides
Photo: Damien Offer
Minchin & Sides 2006 Aquatic Invasions 1: 143-147
Potential impact on aquaculture
St Georges Bank
@80m, 140km2
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Potential
impact on
benthic
resources
Likely impact
on benthic
food chains
Species on the move
Corbicula spp
Asian clam
Now spreading from SE Britain
Can survive in air long periods
A small number can create a new population
Very invasive
Likely to arrive in Ireland
Pacifastacus
leniusculus
a freshwater crayfish
Moved for culture
Ambulatory
Predatory
Interferes with bait angling
Competes with ‘native’ crayfish
Likely to arrive in Ireland
Undaria pinnatifida
Japanese kelp
Introduced for culture to
Brittany
In southern Britain
Excludes native algae
May be transported with
small craft
Eriocheir sinensis
Chinese mitten-crab
Minchin 2006 Irish Naturalists’
Journal 28: 303-4
Photo: Stephan Gollasch
Marlin
Mitten-crabs could spread throughout Ireland
Cyst in lung
Prey on fish eggs and insects
Future scenarios facing
Ireland
Unexplained and crisis events
Further expansion of unwanted species
New routes – new risks
Human economy/health issues
Rapid transport – high risk
Managing secondary spread from Britain
New industry: aquaculture biotechnology
Leisure activities
Imported live foods
So how do we manage?
Pro-active management
Risk assessments
Pre-border controls
Rapid assessment monitoring
Join
the European Alien
Species Expertise
Registry !
http://daisie.ckff.si