Ficarra Filter Feeder - BIOEEOS660-f12
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Transcript Ficarra Filter Feeder - BIOEEOS660-f12
Lynn Ficarra
“an increase in the rate of
supply of organic matter to
an ecosystem.” (Nixon 1995)
N&P
land clearing, sewage, fertilizer, animals, fossil fuels,
industry
Phytoplankton (Paerl 1988, Diaz and Rosenberg 2008)
Block sun
Die, sink to bottom, microbial respiration, hypoxia
Remove phytoplankton, nutrients, organic
materials, bacteria, and much much more!
(Ruesink et al. 2005, Gili and Coma 1998, Levinton 1972).
Filtration rate
Depends on species, size, water velocity, temperature
Efficiency of particle retention
Depends on filtering structure
(Comeau et al. 2008, Rice 2001, Eastern Oyster Biological Review Team 2007)
Gills (Riisgard 1988)
Parallel filaments
Ciliary tracts: create current, capture particles
Particles sorted (Newell 2004)
Rejected: pseudofeces
Digested: feces
Mucus-coated aggregates
Released to benthos
Filtration
Rate (Rank)
Retention of
Particles >4-5µm
Retention of
2µm Particles
Crassostrea virginica
(Eastern oyster)
1
100%
50%
Geukensia demissa
(Ribbed mussel)
2
100%
35-75%
Argopecten irradians
(Bay scallop)
2
100%
15%
Brachiodontes
exustus (Scorched
mussel)
3
100%
35-75%
Spisula solidissima
(Atlantic surfclam)
3
100%
35-75%
Mercenaria
mercenaria (Northern
Quahog)
4
100%
35-75%
Riisgard 1988
Capture Rate (mgC m-2d-1)
Aulacomya ater (mussel)
1787
Chlamys islandica (scallop)
3621
Crassostrea virginica (oyster)
573
Geukensia demissa (mussel)
30
Mercenaria mercenaria (quahog)
351
Ostrea edulis (oyster)
9-30
Gili and Coma 1998
Mussels and eastern oysters performed well in
both studies
Crassostrea virginicus and Mytilus edulis
Native to east coast of U.S.
Atlantic coast of U.S.
0.6-5 m depth
20-30°C optimal
Survive freezing and >45°C, feeding rate affected
Survive at salinities of 5-40 ppt
Filtration rate up to 30-40 L h-1
Create oyster reefs
Promotes biodiversity
Substrate for more suspension feeders
(Ruesink 2005, MacKenzie 1996, Stanley and Sellars 1986, Galtsoff 1964, Shumway 1996,
Eastern Oyster Biological Review Team 2007, Pechenik 2005)
Coast of Canada to North Carolina
1-10 m depth
5-20°C optimal
Survive freezing and up to 29°C
>18 ppt ideal
Survive low salinities 4-18 ppt, growth slowed
Filtration rate 1.34-2.59 L h-1
Mussel beds
Increases biodiversity
Substrate for more filter feeders
(Zagata et al. 2008, Goulletquer 2012, Bayne and Widdows 1978)
Filtration rates at 9°C (Comeau et al. 2008)
M. edulis: 1.82-2.90 L h-1
C. virginica: 0.05-1.21 L h-1
Optimal conditions: C. virginica faster than M.
edulis
Cold conditions: M. edulis faster
Use both for eutrophication control
Average filtering rate at optimal conditions for 44
filter feeding species is 7.8 L g-1h-1 dry weight
(Pomeroy, D’Elia, and Schaffner 2006)
Sponges (Milanese et al. 2003)
retain up to 80% suspended particles
Capture small particles that others miss (bacteria)
Liverpool (Allen and Hawkins 1993)
Mussels introduced to eutrophic water surrounding
docks
Two years later water quality and oxygen levels in water
column and sediments improved
Chesapeake Bay (Newell 1988)
Pre-1870: oysters filter bay in 3-6 days
Now: 325 days
Competitive exclusion (Ruesink 2005)
Toxic shellfish (MacKenzie et al. 2004)
Invasive species (Ruesink 2005)
Hitchhikers
Pathogens (Moss et al. 2007)
Asian oyster, Chesapeake Bay
2 protist parasites not found in U.S. waters
Viruses, cestodes, other protist parasites
Refer to Accompanying Paper