Transcript Biology and Management of Invasive Plant Species

IPM for Right-of-Way Vegetation
Management
Oklahoma Vegetation Management Association
Conference and Trade Show
Tom A. Royer
IPM Coordinator and Extension Entomologist
Oklahoma State University
IPM? IVM? What’s the Difference
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In rights-of-way (ROW), the primary pest
management concern is vegetation
IVM uses all the principles of IPM (comprehensive,
economical, environmentally responsible) to
manage non-compatible vegetation
ROW Targets
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'Non-compatible vegetation' include tree species
and noxious/invasive species that will impact ROW
or adjacent properties
It does not mean total vegetation management
It does try to maintain a plant community that is
least disruptive to wildlife, fisheries and human
activity
IVM Goals
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‘Managed succession’ to develop tree-resistant,
sustainable plant communities
Impact target vegetation without injuring desirable
vegetation - maintain cover
Accomplish with minimal $
Wire Zone - Border Zone
Courtesy of Art Glover,
Pennsylvania State University
Border
Border Zone
Zone
Wire
Wire Zone
Zone
Border
Border Zone
Zone
herbaceous,
herbaceous, shrubs,
shrubs,
small
small tree
tree species
species
herbaceous,
herbaceous, or
or very
very low
low
growing
growing woody
woody species
species
herbaceous,
herbaceous, shrubs,
shrubs,
small
small tree
tree species
species
IVM Management Techniques
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Identify plant, life cycle, habitat
Combine IVM methods
1. Cultural
2. Biological
3. Ecological
4. Mechanical
5. Chemical
Cultural
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Competitive, native plants
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highly desired
plant succession force
naturally perpetuating wildflower meadow (rare in
eastern OK, common in western OK)
need research to identify desirable species
Biological Methods
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Insects (thistle weevil)
Pathogens - Myrothecium verrucaria
Grazing animals (geese, goats, live mowers)
Competitive/compatible plants
Classical Biological Control
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Limited to high-impact species, usually exotic and
invasive
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Purple loosestrife
Musk thistle
Salt Cedar
Field Bindweed
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Archives , Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada, www.invasive.org
Ecological Control
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Overlap of Cultural and Biological control concepts
Programmed release of compatible plant species to
provide a competitive plant community to inhibit
spread of non-compatible plant species
Mechanical Methods
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Necessary in ‘reclamation’ situations
Expensive
Non-selective - all vegetation impacted
Doesn’t change plant community - mowed brush
comes back as brush
Habitat impacts
Chemical Methods
Herbicide - chemical that is used to control,
suppress or kill non-compatible plants
(weeds).
Implementing an IVM program
(Nowak and Ballard, 2005)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Assessing Species Composition and
Ecosystem characteristics
Setting Objectives
Compiling Treatment Options
Accounting for Economic and Environmental
Effects
Implementation
Adaptive Management and Monitoring
Herbicides
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Selective or non-selective products
Application method can determine selectivity
Can promote release of native plants through
selective (physiological, or application) approaches
Less costly than other VM methods
Usually provides longer control
Herbicide Disadvantages
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Require application by certified personnel, require
compliance with aspects of the Right to Know act.
They kill plants, and can cause problems with nontarget plants via drift.
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Weaken them, allowing for diseases and insects to gain
a foothold.
Herbicide Drift Can Weaken Trees and Make
Them Susceptible to Borers and Disease
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Borers
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Flatheaded wood borers
Roundheaded wood borers
Clearwinged borers
Ambrosia beetles and other
bark beetles
Herbicide Drift Can Weaken Trees and Make
Them Susceptible to Borers and Disease
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Borers
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Flatheaded wood borers
Roundheaded wood borers
Clearwinged borers
Ambrosia beetles and other
bark beetles
Emerald Ash Borer
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Flatheaded borers
– Emerald ash borer*
adult about ½ inch,
dark metallic green
– Introduced from Asia,
kills living ash trees,
seems to be limited to
ash as a host.
Shade Tree Insect Management
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Emerald Ash Borer
– Damage is first recognized
by dieback of upper third of
tree, followed by full death,
or abundance of suckering
at base of tree.
– Beetle activity causes
galleries, and girdling of
tree.
Shade Tree Insect Management
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Emerald Ash Borer:
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Two issues: EAB is
spreading rapidly.
Firewood quarantine
is in place, but how
well is it being
enforced?
Shade Tree Insect Management
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Round-headed borers
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Asian Longhorned beetle
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Arrived in US from packing material
in Chinese imports (pallets)
Size 1-1 ¼ inches, with long
antennae
Lay eggs in oval pits that the
female creates. 1 generation per
year
Larvae feed on inner bark, then
move to heartwood.
Attacks healthy maples, poplars,
willows etc. Prefer maples.
Shade Tree Insect Management
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Ambrosia bark beetle
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Biology:
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Adults can be active yearround during warm periods, but
most activity has been
observed in spring.
They mate, lay eggs and rear
young within the galleries
excavated by the female.
Prefer 2-30 cm diameter
stems.
Shade Tree Insect Management
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Ambrosia bark beetle
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Biology:
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All life stages can be found
inside the galleries. Females
can fly to other trees, males
cannot fly.
Will feed on pecan, plum cherry
persimmon, redbud sweet gum
and others.
Several generations per year.
Shade Tree Insect Management
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Ambrosia bark beetle
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Damage
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Adults and larvae bore into
twigs, branches and small
trunks of woody hosts. They
excavate a system of
tunnels, and begin culturing
an ambrosia fungus for food.
Girdle infested wood, make
toothpick-like spines of
sawdust that protrude from
host.
IVM Practitioners can be first
responders!
1.
As they apply and assess their IVM
programs, they are in a critical position to
become first detectors for invasives!
Implementing an IVM program
(Nowak and Ballard, 2005)
1.
Assessing Species Composition and
Ecosystem characteristics
Implementing an IVM program
(Nowak and Ballard, 2005)
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Assessing Species Composition and
Ecosystem characteristics
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You need to know what is going to be involved
with the plant community and note any
ecologically sensitive conditions that need to be
accounted for
Implementing an IVM program
(Nowak and Ballard, 2005)
1.
2.
Assessing Species Composition and
Ecosystem characteristics
Setting Objectives
Implementing an IVM program
(Nowak and Ballard, 2005)
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Setting Objectives:
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Be transparent with stakeholders
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Explain need for keeping vegetation from contact with
power line
Objectives should be compatible with type of
vegetation, location, plant ecosystem and
population density of people.
Implementing an IVM program
(Nowak and Ballard, 2005)
1.
2.
3.
Assessing Species Composition and
Ecosystem characteristics
Setting Objectives
Compiling Treatment Options (building a
play book)
Implementing an IVM program
(Nowak and Ballard, 2005)
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Compiling Treatment Options
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Should reflect accurate assessment of plant
ecosystem and other objectives
Should include as many options as is
economically feasible, especially in ecologically
sensitive areas
Implementing an IVM program
(Nowak and Ballard, 2005)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Assessing Species Composition and
Ecosystem characteristics
Setting Objectives
Compiling Treatment Options
Accounting for Economic and Environmental
Effects
Implementing an IVM program
(Nowak and Ballard, 2005)
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Accounting for Economic and Environmental
Effects
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Should get from stakeholder buy-in as well as
from research on regulations and needs of area.
Implementing an IVM program
(Nowak and Ballard, 2005)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assessing Species Composition and
Ecosystem characteristics
Setting Objectives
Compiling Treatment Options
Accounting for Economic and Environmental
Effects
Implementation
Resources for Learning More………
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Aboriculture and Urban Forestry online http://joa.isa-arbor.com/
Walvatne, Paul (ed.). 1996. How to Develop and Implement an
Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management Program. The National
Roadside Vegetation Management Association, Newark, Delaware.
National Roadside Vegetation Management Association
http://www.nrvma.org/ offers certification information affiliation with state
associations.
Oklahoma Vegetation Management Association
http://www.okvma.net/demo/ A great source for information,
opportunities for professional development
IPM for Right-of-Way Vegetation
Management
Oklahoma Vegetation Management Association
Conference and Trade Show
Tom A. Royer
IPM Coordinator and Extension Entomologist
Oklahoma State University
IPM for Right-of-Way Vegetation
Management
Tom A. Royer
IPM Coordinator and Extension Entomologist
Oklahoma State University