生物多样性与相关法案 - 环境保护对外合作中心
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Transcript 生物多样性与相关法案 - 环境保护对外合作中心
Biodiversity in Norwegian Nature
Management, Land Use Planning,
Nature Diversity Law and data
Management
挪威自然资源管理,土地利用规划,自然多
样性法和数据管理中的生物多样性
JiangXi 5-7 July 2011
2011年7月5日—7日,江西
Svein Aage Mehli
斯文·阿格·梅里
Norwegian Directorate for Nature
Management
挪威自然资源管理局
Facts about Norway
挪威概况
• Population: 4.960.000
人口:496万
• Area: 386.958 km2
(incl. Svalbard)
面积:386958平方千米
(包括斯瓦尔巴德群岛)
• Population per km2: 12,0
单位平方千米人口:12人
• 19 counties + Svalbard
19郡+斯瓦尔巴德群岛
• 434 municipalities
434个自治市
2
The Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management (DN):
挪威自然资源管理局(DN):
• National governmental agency under the Ministry of the Environment
隶属于挪威环境部的国家政府机构
• Main tasks; 主要职责
– Conservation of biological diversity 保护生物多样性
– The sustainable use of biological resources 可持续使用生物资源
– Promoting outdoor recreation 促进户外娱乐活动
• Vision: “For life in nature and nature in life” 愿景:“为了自然中的生
命和生命中的自然”
• Head office in Trondheim ~ 250 employees 总部位于特隆赫姆,约
250名雇员
MINISTRY OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
环境部
DIRECTORATE FOR
NATURE MANAGEMENT
自然资源管理局
NORWEGIAN
POLLUTION CONTROL
AUTHORITY
挪威污染管制局
NORWEGIAN
POLAR INSTIUTE
挪威北极研究所
THE COUNTY
MUNICIPALITY
郡级市
LOCAL
LEVEL
地方层面
THE MUNICIPALITY
自治市
NORWEGIAN
MAPPING
AUTHORITY
挪威测绘局
REGIONAL
LEVEL
区域层面
THE COUNTY
GOVERNOR
郡
DIRECTORATE FOR
CULTURAL HERITAGE
文化遗产局
NATIONAL LEVEL
国家层面
ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES IN NORWAY
挪威环境管理机构
Priority issues and Ways of Working in
Biodiversity Management
生物多样性管理中的优先议题与工作方法
•
•
•
•
Nature Conservation- Protected areas 自然保护—保护地
Species management 物种管理
Land use planning 土地利用规划
Marin and coastal management plans 海洋与海岸管理计
划
• Biodiversity and the petroleum sector 生物多样性与石油生
产部门
---------------------------------------------------------• Sector responsibility 部门责任
• Knowledgebased management 以知识为基础的管理
• Spatial environmental information 空间环境信息
The objectives of nature conservation are to preserve:
自然保护的目标就是保护:
• A representative section of the natural environment 自然环境代
表性区域
• Key areas of important function for species 对物种具有重要功能
的关键区域
• The diversity of threatened species of animals and plants by
protecting their habitat 通过保护濒危动植物物种的生境维持濒危
物种的多样性
The nature conservation strategy includes:
自然保护战略包括:
• Thematic protection plans (wetlands, mires and bogs, seabirds,
deciduous forest) 分类保护计划(湿地,沼泽,海鸟,落叶林)
• Forest protection plans (coniferous) 森林保护计划(针叶树种)
• National park plans (big areas, mainly on state owned land) 国
家公园计划(地域广大,主要位于国有土地上)
Protected Areas 保护地
Type of
protection
Number
Size,
km2
% of
total
land
area
29
26756
8.3
174
15093
4.7
Nature
Reserves
(IUCN I)
1822
4299
1.3
Nature
Memorials
101
2
0.0
Other
protection
areas
122
126
0.0
2248
46276
14.3
National parks
(IUCN II)
Protected
Landscapes
(IUCN V)
Total
Draft for Marine Protected Areas
海洋保护地草案
Wildlife management- Threatened species
野生动物管理—濒危物种
• The Norwegian red list 挪威
红色名录
• Protected species 保护物种
• Action plans 行动计划
Large Carnivores
大型食肉动物
Wolverine 狼獾
Bear 熊
Lynx 猞猁
Wolf 狼
SALMON 鲑鱼
Ungulates 有蹄类动物
Red-deer 赤鹿
Roe deer 狍鹿
Reindeer 驯鹿
Musk ox 麝牛
Moose
驼鹿
Sector responsibility policy
部门责任政策
• All sectoral authorities are responsible for avoiding
unnecessary environmental pressure 所有部门的负责机构都
有责任避免给环境带来不必要的压力。
• Policy instruments available to all sectors to prevent or solve
environmental problems. 所有部门都可以使用政策工具避免或
解决环境问题。
• An ongoing task to ensure that these instruments are always
targeted to achieve environmental policy targets and give
positive environmental effects. 确保这些工具能够始终定位于
实现环境政策目标并产生积极的环境效果,是一项持续性工作。
• Environmental efforts in all sectors must be in line with the
strategic objectives and national targets of Norway’s
environmental policy. 所有部门采取的环境行动都必须与挪威环
境政策的战略目标和国家目标相一致。
Biodiversity and Land Use Planning
生物多样性和土地利用规划
•
Land use planning, which takes place at the local and regional levels
in Norway, is the most important arena for management and
conservation of biodiversity outside protected areas (PAs)
挪威在地方和区域层面上开展土地利用规划,土地利用规划是在保护
地(PAs)以外开展生物多样性管理与保护的最重要领域
•
The Planning and Building Act (1985, revised 2009) is our main tool
for management of biodiversity outside PAs
《规划与建设法案》(1985年施行,2009年修订)是在保护地以外管
理生物多样性的主要工具
– Interventions are subject to a consultative process 各项活动都要
进行咨询
– Most interventions are subject to Environmental Impact
Assessments (EIA) 绝大多数活动需要进行环境影响评价(EIA)
– Includes all land and sea areas out to 200 nautic miles 法案涵盖全
部陆地和离岸200海里以内的海洋区域
Land Use Planning and the role of DN
土地利用规划和挪威自然资源管理局的作用
• MoE is the responsible Ministry 环境部是责任机构
• DN advisor to MoE in development of legislation and policy
自然资源管理局为环境部提供立法和政策制定咨询服务
• Advisor to the County Governor and hence Municipalities
in area planning 为郡和自治市提供地区规划咨询服务
• Advice sector directorates and public and private land
developers (road, energy, hydroelectric power, wind
power, agriculture, fishery, fish farming etc) 为部门管理局
以及公有和私营开发商(道路,能源,水力发电,风能,农
业,渔业,养殖渔业等)提供咨询服务
• Give consultative statements to large development plans
为大型发展规划提供咨询意见
Integrated Management Plans for
Norwegian marine areas
为挪威海域制定综合管理计划
Barents Sea (2006)
巴伦支海(2006)
Norwegian Sea (2008)
挪威海(2008)
North Sea (2014)
北海(2014)
IMPs - regulatory status
综合管理计划
• Whitepaper - to achieve consensus among all
stakeholders that IMPs will create an overall framework
白皮书—在所有利益相关方中间形成了共识,即综合管理
计划将提供一个总体框架
– not the intention of the Government to trigger a process which
as such opens new areas 政府无意启动此类会开启新领域的程
序
– need to be supplemented by more detailed plans for the
individual sectors 需要针对各部门制定更加详细的计划作为补充
– IMPs will be reinforced by necessary new legislation 通过制定
必要的新法律法规强化综合管理计划的执行
IMP - objective & principles
综合管理计划—目标和原则
Safeguard a clean
and rich sea
保护一片清洁干净物产丰富的海洋
Ecosystem based management
以生态系统为基础的管理
Sustainable use of resources and
goods derived from ecosystems,
while preserving their structure,
functioning and productivity
可持续地使用资源和生态系统产品,同
时保护它们的结构,功能和生产力
Coexistence of different industries
各种产业共存
• Involve all relevant sectors 涉及
所有相关部门
• Assess large areas 评估大面积
的区域
• Assess sum of all influences 评
估所有的影响
• Special caution to valuable &
vulnerable areas 对有价值的、
脆弱的地区要特别慎重
• Transparent process stakeholder involvement 透明的
过程—利益相关方参与
Final IMP covers
最终的综合管理计划涵盖
• Facts and assessments 事实与评估结果
– Ecosystems 生态系统
– Valuable and vulnerable areas 有价值的和脆弱的地区
– Commercial and social importance of area 该地区的商业意
义和社会重要性
– Pressures and impacts 压力和影响
– Conflicts of interest / coexistence between industries 利益冲
突/各种产业的共存
– Knowledge gaps 知识空缺
• Proposals 建议
– How to strengthen legislation and management regime 如何
加强立法和管理体系制度
– Mitigating measures for sustainable use of the ecosystems
针对生态系统可持续利用制定减缓措施
Integrated Management Plans for the Norwegian Marine Waters: All
sectors and their activities must be considered in a holistic perspective
挪威海域综合管理计划:从一个整体性角度考量所有部门及其活动
Kilde: Frontline
Foto: Erling Svensen
Knowledge Based Management
以知识为基础的管理
• Research 研究
– Define the knowledge gaps 确认知识空缺
– Prioritise and initiate research 优先开展研究
• Partly with own resources (carnivores) 部分使用自有资源
(食肉动物)
• Partly through the Norwegian Research Council and crosssectoral research programmes 部分通过挪威研究委员会
和跨部门研究项目
• Mapping and monitoring 测绘与监测
– Terrestrial and Marine 陆地和海洋
• Spatial Environmental Information 空间环境信
息
The Nature Biodiversity Act. Pressures on biodiversity in
Norway 自然生物多样性法案。挪威生物多样性遭受的压力
The Nature Diversity Act
自然多样性法案
An Act consisting of 10 chapters and 77 sections 法案包括10章77节
Chapter I
Chapter II
Chapter III
Chapter IV
Chapter V
Chapter VI
Chapter VII
Chapter VIII
Chapter IX
Chapter X
Purpose and scope 第一章 目的和范围
General provisions on sustainable use
第二章 可持续利用基本条款
Species management 第三章 物种管理
Alien organisms 第四章 外来生物
Protected areas 第五章 保护地
Selected habitat types 第六章 选定的栖息地类型
Access to genetic material 第七章 遗传物质的获取
Competent authority under the Act, supervision, etc
第八章 法案规定的管理机构,监察等
Enforcement and sanctions 第九章 执行与制裁
Final provisions 第十章 最后条款
The main parts of the act 法案的主要部分
(Biological, geological, landscape) (生物,地质,景观)
Protected areas, priority species – Nature
Diversity Act 保护地,优先物种—自然多样性
法案
Selected habitat types, areas with
specific ecological functions and alien
organisms – Nature Diversity Act and
acts concerning land use, fisheries,
forestry, agriculture, mining etc
选定的栖息地类型,具有特定生态功能的
地区和外来生物—自然多样性法案,与土
地利用、渔业、林业、农业和矿产行业相
关的法案
General provisions and
principles – Nature Diversity
Act and acts concerning land
use, fisheries, forestry,
agriculture, mining etc
基本条款和原则—自然多样性法
Source: Ministry of the Environment
Photos: Bård Løken, Statens naturoppsyn, Erling Svensen
案,与土地利用、渔业、林业、
农业和矿产行业相关的法案
The purpose of the Act
法案的目的
Intrinsic value
内在价值
Biodiversity is a very important
resource 生物多样性是一项非
常重要的资源
Value for recreation
娱乐价值
Photos: Marianne Gjørv
Management objectives
管理目标
To maintain the diversity
of habitat types within
their natural range
在自然分布范围内维持栖息
地类型的多样性
To maintain species and
their genetic diversity for
the long term and to
ensure that species
occur in viable
populations in their
natural range
长远维持物种及其遗传资源
多样性,保证物种在其自然
分布范围内保有维持物种繁
衍所需的种群数量
Photo: Marianne Gjørv
Foto: Jon Bekken
Foto: Kin Abel
Photo: Marianne Gjørv
Key principles for sustainable use 可持续利用的关键原则
The principles shall serve as guidelines when public
authority concerning nature is exercised 当涉及自然
的公共机构行使职能时,这些原则将作为指导
The decision shall state how the principles have been
applied in the case 政府决策中应该说明如何在所涉
案例中贯彻了这些原则
Photo: Marianne Gjørv
Knowledge-based management
以知识为基础的管理
One of the basic fundaments of the Act
法案的一项基础原则
Decisions shall be based on:
决策应建立在以下基础上:
Scientific knowledge 科学知识
Knowledge based on experience 由经验
所得的知识
Photo: Marianne Gjørv
The precautionary principle 预防原则
When a decision is made in absence of
adequate information, the aim shall be
to avoid significant damage to diversity
如果在决策时缺少恰当的信息,那么目标应该
是避免给生物多样性造成重大损害
Photo: Kristian Julien
User-pays principle 使用者付费原则
Persons responsible
for pressure on
the environment
shall pay to prevent
or limit damage
给环境带来压力的人应
该付费防止或减少损害
Photo: Tore Røraas
Ecosystem approach and cumulative environmental effects
生态系统方法和累积环境影响
Any pressure on an ecosystem shall be
assessed on the basis of the cumulative
environmental effects on the ecosystem,
now or in the future
任何带给生态系统的压力都将以目前或今后对
生态系统的累积环境影响为基础进行评估
Photo: Bård Løken/ NN/ Samfoto
Norway digital
数字挪威
Norway Digital - the national geographical
infrastructure 数字挪威—国家地理基础设施
• Norway Digital is a nation-wide program for cooperation on establishment, maintenance and
distribution of digital geographic data with the aim to:
数字挪威是一个有关数字地理信息制作、维护和分享的
全国性合作项目,旨在:
– to enhance the availability and use of quality geographic
information among a broad range of users, primarily in the
public sector. 在广大用户—主要是普通公众用户—中提升高品
质地理信息数据的可获得性并扩大其使用
Norway digital 数字挪威
• A broad representation of Norwegian public bodies are
participating, at national level ministries and their
directorates, at local and regional level all Norwegian
municipalities and different regional public bodies.
挪威公共部门都广泛参与了项目,包括国家层面的部委
及其相关司局,地方和区域层面的市,以及区域层面的
公共部门。
• All institutions participating in Norway Digital will bring
own data into the infrastructure making it available to
the other partners.
所有参加数字挪威项目的机构都需要提供各自的数据,
纳入数字挪威的数据系统,其他的合作方也可以访问这
些数据。
Norway digital 数字挪威
The geographical data is divided in two main categories, reference
data and thematic data. 地理信息分为参考数据和专题信息两个门
类。
• Reference data: 参考数据:
– include topographical data, hydrography, roads and other
infrastructure, land use, buildings and cadastral information,
elevation and bathymetry, orthophotos.
包括地形数据,水文地理信息,道路和其他基础设施,土地利
用,建筑物数据和土籍信息,标高与水深数据,照片等。
• Thematic data: 专题信息:
– include a broad range of information produced by national
institutions and municipalities and the local level. The themes
cover aspects.
包括国家相关机构、自治市和地方收集的大量信息。专题之下
又进一步分为不同方面。
Norway digital 数字挪威
• Directorate for Nature Management are one of the
partners in Norway digital
自然资源管理局是数字挪威的一个合作方
• The environmental data that the Directorate for nature
management manage are found in the “Naturbase” –
Nature Base.
由自然资源管理局管理的环境数据可以在“自然数据库”
中找到
• This is an online database found on the Internet at
www.naturbase.no
自然数据库是一个在线数据库,可以通过以下网址访问
www.naturbase.no
Naturbase 自然数据库
Facts about the Nature Database - ”Naturbase” 关
于自然数据库的一些情况
•
•
•
•
•
Expert tool with geographic information for the
Directorate for Nature Management and regional
authorities 供自然资源管理局和区域管理机构使用的带
有地理信息的专家工具
> 105.000 objects 超过105000条的条目
Covering 涵盖
– Protected areas 保护地
– Biodiversity - important habitats, migration
routes, feeding areas etc 生物多样性—重要栖
息地,迁徙路线,觅食区域等
– Recreation areas 娱乐区域
– Cultural landscapes 文化景观
Central database - local map modules 中央数据库—
地方地图模块
Today used with ArcView as GIS-tool 目前与ArcView
软件一起使用作为地理信息系统工具
Naturbase - Collecting Data
自然数据库—收集信息
• Standardisation of methods are extremly important
– a lot of the work is supposed to be done by the
municipalities
方法的标准化及其重要—很多工作需要由自治市完
成
• Use scientific reports and local information
使用科学报告和地方信息
• Supervised by County Governor – also a control
function
由郡监督管理—也有控制功能
Major DN databases and GIS applications:
自然资源管理局的主要数据库和GIS的使用
•Predator Database 捕猎动物数据库
•Observations of predators
对捕猎动物的观察
•Domestic animals killed by predators
捕猎动物猎杀的家养动物
•Application for refund 申请赔偿
•NatureDatabase 自然数据库
•Protected Areas 保护地
•Biological Diversity 生物多样性
•Cultural heritage 文化遗产
•Outdoor recreation 户外娱乐
•WaterInfo 水信息
•Biological Diversity in fresh water
淡水生物多样性
•Chemicals in fresh water
淡水中的化学品
•Pollution 污染
•… and a lot more ……其他更多因素
INON
•Areas without major
infrastructure development
in Norway 挪威境内没有建
设主要基础设施的地区
Thank you!
Takk!
谢谢!