Transcript Slide 1

Carnivore: Meat eater
Herbivore: Plant eater
Omnivore: Eats both plants
AND animals
C
Incisors- foremost teeth used to bite into
food
Canines- largest teeth, used for tearing food
(if present in mouth)
Premolars & Molars- crush and grind food
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Upper
6
2
8
4
Lower
6
2
8
6
Upper
6
2
8
4
Lower
6
2
8
6
Upper
0
0
6
6
Lower
6
2
6
6
Saliva:
•produced by FOUR salivary glands.
•Contains enzyme amylase which begins to break
down starch into simple sugar, maltose.
•Helps maintain stable pH in mouth.
•Makes food easier to swallow.
Tongue:
•Helps to obtain food and moves it around
in mouth to aid in chewing
Bolus- food that is ground into a small ball
and ready to be swallowed.
Esophagus•Delivers food through neck, chest cavity, and diaphragm
into stomach
•Food is propelled by peristalsis (set of muscle
contractions in a hollow organ that propels its contents)
Stomach•Secretes gastric juices and muscle contractions to break
down food.
•Little absorption occurs here
Monogastric- single stomach Examples…..
Ruminant- four compartment stomach Examples…..
Liver & PancreasBo and stores certain
•Controls blood sugar levels
vitamins and iron
•Both secrete digestive enzymes needed for further
digestion
Small Intestine•Lined with finger-like projections called villi, which
aid in absorption of nutrients
•Much of digestion and absorption of nutrients
occur within small intestine
THREE PARTS: 1. Duodenum, 2. Jejunum, 3. Ileum
Large Intestine•Absorbs water from material that will
become feces
•Three parts: Colon, Cecum, Rectum
**Note: Horses have a well-developed large
intestine
Cecum is very long- 1.25 meters
(4.1 Feet), can hold 25-30 Liters
Secretion
Source
Location
Action
Salivary amylase
Salivary glands Mouth
HCI
Stomach
Stomach
Breaks down
protein, activates pepsin
Pepsin
Stomach
Stomach
Trypsin
Pancreas
Small Intestine Digests protein
Lipase
Pancreas
Small Intestine Digests fat
Digests Starches
Digests protein
Secretion
Source
Location
Action
Amylase
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Digests starches
Gastrin
Stomach
Stomach
Increases HCI release
Secretin
Duodenum
Liver
Increases bile production
by the liver
Gastric inhibitary Duodenum Stomach
Decreases activity of
stomach
Livestock with four-compartment stomachs
Rumen:
•First stomach,
• large fermentation vat,
takes up most of left side
of abdomen.
•Lined with fingerlike
projections called papillaeincrease surface area that
allows for absorption of
nutrients
Reticulum: Lining looks like a honeycomb- makes the site
that traps any heavy object ingested
Placing a magnet in stomach prevents hardware disease by
holding metal tight against it- prevents sharp ends from
penetrating stomach wall
Hardware disease- sharp piece of metal punctures
through wall of reticulum into abdomen, penetrates liver
or diaphragm and into heart.
Omasum: Lined with long folds that
prevent large particles from passing
and increasing surface area
Provides water absorption
Abomasum: True Stomach
Similar to monogastric stomach
Further digestion by cow’s
enzymes
Rumination:
Food taken in quickly by ruminants, then rumen
and reticulum contract forcing some of ingested
food back through the esophagus and into mouth
(regurgitation). The animal then takes time to
chew it into finer pieces (cud chewing)
Colic- Abdominal illness in horses
Symptoms- horse will turn and look or kick at their
sides, lie down and get up frequently or roll to relieve
pain. Common causes are impaction of food in small
intestine, torsion (twist) of small intestine, extreme gas,
excessive consumption of sand.
Bloat- Large, gaseous distention of rumen (common in
cattle). Cows must periodically belch to release the gas
from the rumen; if not, bloat will result. In worst cases,
a needle needs to be inserted in the cow’s side to
relieve the gas.
**Both can be fatal**
B
Carbohydrates:
•Supply vitamin E
•Provide structure within a cell
•Supply fiber and bulkiness to diet
•Provides glucose to maintain blood sugar levels
•Needed to complete metabolism of fat
Monosaccharide: simple sugars (Ex. Glucose,
fructose)
Disaccharides: two sugars (Ex. Lactose)
Polysaccharide: long chains of simple sugars (Ex.
Starch, cellulose)
Proteins:
•Made of chains of Amino Acids
•Key role in structure and function of cells
•Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
•Utilized as a source of vitamin E for animals
Essential amino acids: must be supplied in diet
Include: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine,
phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
Nonessential amino acids: can be synthesized from other Amino Acids
Deficiencies: poor growth, low body weight, poor immunity
Fats:
•Immediate supply of E or stored.
•Provides a source of E, insulation, and some protection to organs
•Produces certain hormones
•Increases palatability (tastiness) of food
•Needed for absorption of certain vitamins.
Water:
•Most critical nutrient
•A loss of only 10% of the body’s water
is a serious health risk
•Loss of 15% or more is life threatening
•Up to two thirds of the body is water
•Provides shape to cells
•Helps transport nutrients, wastes, and
hormones in blood
•Controls body temperature
Vitamins
Most are needed in small amounts to maintain health and
function of animals
May act as enzymes or coenzymes
Either:
Fat soluble: absorbed from intestinal tract with Fat;
stored in body- A, D, E, K
Water soluble: not stored in body, need to be taken on
daily basis
Eight Vitamin B’s and C
Antioxidant (Vitamins A, C, E- protect lipid membranes of cells
A
Pigment of retina, night vision, healthy cell
function
D
Synthesized in skin from exposure to UV rays,
maintenance & formation of bone and teeth
E
Associated with selenium, important role in
immune & reproductive systems
K
Blood clotting
B1 (Thiamin)
Maintenance of nervous system
B2 (Riboflavin)
Healthy skin
B3 (Niacin)
Healthy oral tissue
B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Antibody Production
B6 (Pyriodozine)
Hemoglobin formation
Folic Acid
Red blood cell formation
Biotin
Healthy skin & hooves
B12 (Cobolamin)
Red blood cell production
C
Wound healing & collagen formation
B
Categorized based on relative amounts required
by the body
Macrominerals- Needed in larger amounts
Ca, K, Na, P, Mg, S, Cl
Trace Minerals (micronutrients)- Not usually
needed in supplement form; often involved in
speeding up chemical enzyme reactions and
included in hormones.
Calcium (Ca)
Chloride (Cl)
Phosporus (P)
Magnesium (Mg)
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
Sulfur (S)
Cobalt (Co)
Copper (Cu)
Development of bones & teeth
Fluid control in blood
Bone & teeth; structure of cell membrane
Bone & teeth; hemoglobin production
Needed in protein synthesis; function of
nerves and muscle
Function of nerves & muscles
In amino acids; methionine & cystine
Involved in many enzyme reactions
Necessary for proper iron metabolism
Iodine (I)
Portion of thyroid hormone; proper
reproductive cycle
Iron (Fe)
Portion of hemoglobin & oxygen
metabolism
Manganese (Mn) Involved in bone & connective
tissue development
Selenium (Se) Antioxidant; needed for healthy
immune system
Zinc (Zn)
Role in bood cell formation &
wound healing; needed for healthy
skin & hooves; and immune system
A