Transcript Digestive System Guided Notes

Carnivore: Meat eater
________: Plant eater
Omnivore: Eats both plants
AND animals
C
Incisors- foremost teeth used to bite into
food
Canines- largest teeth, used for tearing food
(if present in mouth)
Premolars & Molars- _____ and _____ food
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Upper
6
2
8
4
Lower
6
2
8
6
Upper
6
2
8
4
Lower
6
2
8
6
Upper
0
0
6
6
Lower
6
2
6
6
Saliva:
•produced by FOUR salivary glands.
•Contains enzyme _______ which begins to break
down starch into simple sugar, maltose.
•Helps maintain stable pH in mouth.
•Makes food easier to swallow.
Tongue:
•Helps to obtain food and moves it around
in mouth to aid in chewing
_____- food that is ground into a small ball
and ready to be swallowed.
Esophagus•Delivers food through neck, chest cavity, and diaphragm
into stomach
•Food is propelled by __________ (set of muscle
contractions in a hollow organ that propels its contents)
Stomach•Secretes _______ juices and muscle contractions to
break down food.
•Little absorption occurs here
Monogastric- single stomach Examples…..
_________- four compartment stomach Examples…..
Liver & PancreasBo and stores certain
•Controls blood _____ levels
vitamins and iron
•Both secrete digestive enzymes needed for further
_________
Small Intestine•Lined with finger-like projections called _____,
which aid in absorption of nutrients
•Much of digestion and absorption of nutrients
occur within small intestine
THREE PARTS: 1. Duodenum, 2. Jejunum, 3. Ileum
Large Intestine•Absorbs water from material that will
become feces
•Three parts: Colon, _____, Rectum
**Note: Horses have a well-developed large
intestine
Cecum is very long- 1.25 meters
(4.1 Feet), can hold 25-30 Liters
Secretion
Source
Location
Action
Salivary amylase
Salivary glands Mouth
___
Stomach
Stomach
Breaks down
protein, activates pepsin
Pepsin
Stomach
Stomach
_______
Pancreas
Small Intestine Digests protein
Lipase
Pancreas
Small Intestine Digests fat
Digests Starches
Digests protein
Secretion
Source
Location
Action
Amylase
________
Small Intestine
Digests starches
Gastrin
Stomach
Stomach
Increases HCI release
Secretin
Duodenum
_____
Increases bile production
by the liver
Gastric inhibitary Duodenum Stomach
Decreases activity of
stomach
Livestock with ___-compartment stomachs
Rumen:
•First stomach,
• large fermentation vat,
takes up most of ____ side
of abdomen.
•Lined with fingerlike
projections called papillaeincrease surface area that
allows for absorption of
nutrients
_________: Lining looks like a honeycomb- makes the site
that traps any heavy object ingested
Placing a magnet in stomach prevents hardware disease by
holding metal tight against it- prevents sharp ends from
penetrating stomach wall
Hardware disease- sharp piece of metal punctures
through wall of reticulum into _______, penetrates liver or
diaphragm and into _____.
Omasum: Lined with long folds that
prevent large particles from passing
and increasing surface area
Provides water __________
Abomasum: True Stomach
Similar to monogastric stomach
Further digestion by cow’s
_______
Rumination:
Food taken in quickly by ruminants, then rumen
and reticulum ________ forcing some of ingested
food back through the esophagus and into mouth
(regurgitation). The animal then takes time to
____ it into finer pieces (cud chewing)
_____- Abdominal illness in horses
Symptoms- horse will turn and look or kick at their
sides, lie down and get up frequently or roll to relieve
pain. Common causes are _________ of food in small
intestine, torsion (twist) of small intestine, extreme gas,
excessive consumption of sand.
_____- Large, gaseous distention of rumen (common in
cattle). Cows must periodically belch to release the gas
from the rumen; if not, bloat will result. In worst cases,
a needle needs to be inserted in the cow’s side to
relieve the gas.
**Both can be fatal**
B
Carbohydrates:
•Supply vitamin E
•Provide structure within a cell
•Supply fiber and bulkiness to diet
•Provides glucose to maintain blood sugar levels
•Needed to complete __________ of fat
Monosaccharide: simple sugars (Ex. Glucose,
fructose)
Disaccharides: two sugars (Ex. Lactose)
Polysaccharide: long chains of simple sugars (Ex.
Starch, cellulose)
Proteins:
•Made of chains of _____ Acids
•Key role in structure and function of cells
•Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
•Utilized as a source of vitamin E for animals
Essential amino acids: must be supplied in diet
Include: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine,
phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
Nonessential amino acids: can be synthesized from other Amino Acids
Deficiencies: poor growth, low body weight, poor immunity
____:
•Immediate supply of E or stored.
•Provides a source of E, insulation, and some protection to organs
•Produces certain hormones
•Increases palatability (tastiness) of food
•Needed for absorption of certain vitamins.
Water:
•Most critical nutrient
•A loss of only ___ of the body’s water is
a serious health risk
•Loss of ___ or more is life threatening
•Up to two thirds of the body is water
•Provides shape to cells
•Helps transport nutrients, wastes, and
hormones in blood
•Controls body temperature
Vitamins
Most are needed in small amounts to maintain health and
function of animals
May act as enzymes or coenzymes
Either:
___ soluble: absorbed from intestinal tract with Fat;
stored in body- A, D, E, K
_____ soluble: not stored in body, need to be taken on
daily basis
Eight Vitamin B’s and C
Antioxidant (Vitamins A, C, E- protect lipid membranes of cells
A
Pigment of retina, night vision, healthy cell
function
__
Synthesized in skin from exposure to UV rays,
maintenance & formation of bone and teeth
E
Associated with selenium, important role in
immune & reproductive systems
K
Blood clotting
___ (Thiamin)
Maintenance of nervous system
B2 (Riboflavin)
Healthy skin
B3 (Niacin)
Healthy oral tissue
B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Antibody Production
B6 (Pyriodozine)
Hemoglobin formation
Folic Acid
Red blood cell formation
______
Healthy skin & hooves
B12 (Cobolamin)
Red blood cell production
___
Wound healing & collagen formation
B
Categorized based on relative amounts required
by the body
Macrominerals- Needed in larger amounts
Ca, K, Na, P, Mg, S, Cl
_____ Minerals (micronutrients)- Not usually
needed in supplement form; often involved in
speeding up chemical enzyme reactions and
included in hormones.
_______ (Ca)
Chloride (Cl)
Phosporus (P)
Magnesium (Mg)
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
______ (S)
Cobalt (Co)
Copper (Cu)
Development of bones & teeth
Fluid control in blood
Bone & teeth; structure of cell membrane
Bone & teeth; hemoglobin production
Needed in protein synthesis; function of
nerves and muscle
Function of nerves & muscles
In amino acids; methionine & cystine
Involved in many enzyme reactions
Necessary for proper iron metabolism
Iodine (I)
Portion of thyroid hormone; proper
reproductive cycle
_____ (Fe)
Portion of hemoglobin & oxygen
metabolism
Manganese (Mn) Involved in bone & connective
tissue development
Selenium (Se) Antioxidant; needed for healthy
immune system
_____ (Zn)
Role in bood cell formation &
wound healing; needed for healthy
skin & hooves; and immune system
A