Transcript Which gas is needed by all cells? A. Sulfur C. Carbon

Unit 9
CHAPTER 35
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NUTRITION SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Which gas is needed by all cells?
A. SULFUR
C. CARBON DIOXIDE
B. HYDROGEN
D. OXYGEN
Digestive System
 Function – breaks down food so nutrients can be
absorbed by the body
Digestive System
 Function – breaks down food so nutrients can be
absorbed by the body
 Ingests food, breaks down food, and eliminates what
cannot be digested
Digestion
 Mechanical
 Chemical
Digestion
 Mechanical – chewing food to break down, smooth
muscles churn food in stomach and small intestine.
 Chemical
Digestion
 Mechanical – chewing food to break down, smooth
muscles churn food in stomach and small intestine.
 Chemical – enzymes break down large molecules
into smaller molecules that can be absorbed
Digestive System
Peristalsis
 Food moves through the digestive system in a
process where smooth muscles contract rhythmically
 Starts in the Esophagus and follows all the way
through stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Pancreas
 Function
 Produce enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins
and fats
 Produce hormones
Liver
 The largest internal organ of the body
 Function – produces bile, which helps to break down
fats
 1 L every day
 Excess is stored in the gallbladder
Stomach
 Three overlapping layers of smooth muscle
 Break down food
 Mix it with secretions of the glands
 Acidic pH 2
 Pepsin enzyme digests proteins
 Material resembles tomato soup
Small Intestine
 7 meters long and 2.5cm in diameter
 Most absorption occurs
 Dependent on accessory organs (pancreas, liver,
gallbladder)
 Villi absorption structure
 Chyme, material cannot be digested
Large Intestine
 1.5 Meters long
 Colon, rectum, appendix
 Bacteria that produce vitamin K and B
 Absorb water from the chyme
Time for Digestion
Digestive Structure
Primary Function
Time Food in
Structure
Mouth
Mechanical, Chemical
Digestion
5 – 30 seconds
Esophagus
Transport (swallowing)
10 seconds
Stomach
Mechanical, Chemical
Digestion
2 – 24 hours
Small Intestine
Mechanical, Chemical
Digestion
3 – 4 hours
Large Intestine
Water Absorption
18 hours – 2 days
Nutrition
CHAPTER 35.2
Nutrition
 Certain nutrients are essential for the proper
function of the body
Nutrition
 Certain nutrients are essential for the proper
function of the body
 The process by which person takes in and uses food
Calorie
 Unit used to measure the energy content of food
 Equals 1 kilocalorie
 Heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 mL of
water by 1o
Carbohydrates
 Cereal, pasta, potatoes, strawberries, rice
 Sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose are simple
carbohydrates found in fruits, soda and candy
 Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple
sugars provide energy for cells
 Excess sugar is stored in the liver in the form of
glycogen
Fiber
 Complex carbohydrate
 Doesn’t digest
 Helps keep food moving and with elimination of
wastes
Fats
 Most concentrated energy source
 Building blocks
 Protect some vital organs
 Transport vitamins
 Digested in the small intestine to fatty acids and
clycerol
Proteins
 Basic structural components of all cells
 Amino acids build proteins
 Enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, membrane
receptors
 Broken down to amino acids
 Human body requires 20 (12 synthesized in bodies)
Food Pyramid
Vitamins
 organic
 Needed for metabolic activities
 Help enzymes function well
Minerals
 In-organic compound
 Building material, involved with metabolic functions
 Calcium component of bones and involved with
muscle and nerve functions
Nutrition Labels
 Provide information useful for monitoring fat and
sodium intake
 Based on a 2000 Calorie diet
Summary
 Energy content of food is measured in Calories
 Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are three major
groups
 Carbohydrates are major source of energy
 Fats and proteins provide energy and building blocks
 Vitamins and minerals are essential for proper
metabolic functioning
Endocrine System
CHAPTER 35.3
Opener
 Which one of the kidney functions conserves water
in the body?
 A. Absorption
 B. Filtration
 C. Reabsorption
 D. Breathing
Homework #1
 Which hormones are released from nerve cells rather
than endocrine glands?
 A. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
 B. Growth hormone and thyroxine
 C. Insulin and glucagon
 D. Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Homework #2
Which person is likely to have high
levels of epinephrine?
The Endocrine System
 Chapter 35.3
 Works like email
The Endocrine System
 Communication system
 Made up of glands
 Produce hormones
Hormone
 A substance causes a response
Endocrine System
 Thyroid
 Kidneys
 Adrenal glands
 Testis/ovary
Action of the Hormones
 Glands produce
 Acts as a communication system
Endocrine Glands
 Produce hormones
 Released into blood stream
 Distributed
Hormones
 Steroid hormones
 Amino acid hormones
 Estrogen, testosterone
 Insulin , growth
 Target cells to initiate
protein synthesis
 Soluble in lipids
 Amino acid
 Diffuse across membrane
 Bind to plasma
 Attach to DNA
membrane
 Sends signals
 Activates specific gene
Negative Feedback
 Thermostat
Negative Feedback
 Thermostat – works the same
 Once a level has been reached it stops the production
of hormones or ends communication
Endocrine Glands
 To secrete hormones
Pituitary Gland
 Base of brain
 Most important – regulate body and other glands
 Human growth hormone (hGH) muscle & bone
Thyroid
 Thyroid – thyroxine
 causes cells of the body to have a higher rate of
metabolism
 Thyroid – Calcitonin
 Regulates calcium in the body needed for bone
formation blood clotting and nerve function
Parathyroid
 Parathyroid hormone
 Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the
bones to release calcium
Pancreas
 Digestive enzymes that digest carbohydrates,
proteins and fats
 Insulin signals body cells to accelerate the
conversion of glucose to glycogen
 Glucagon sends signals to convert glycogen to
glucose
Pancreas
Normal Levels of Sugar
Adrenal Glands
 Outside cortex
 Aldosterone signals kidneys to reabsorb salt
 Cortisol – raises blood glucose levels and reduces
inflammation
 Inside
 Adrenaline
 Norepinephrine - both increase heart rate, blood
pressure, breathing rate, sugar levels
Link to the Nervous System
 Regulating activities of the body
 Maintain homeostasis
Working outside on a hot day
 Brain – hypothalamus – regulating body
Working outside on a hot day
 Brain – hypothalamus – regulating body
 Oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH) – hormones
Working outside on a hot day
 Brain – hypothalamus – regulating body
 Oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH) - hormones
 Stored in axon endings in pituitary gland
Working outside on a hot day
 Brain – hypothalamus – regulating body
 Oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH) - hormones
 Stored in axon endings in pituitary gland
 When it’s hot you sweat, hypothalamus will detect
you are dehydrated releases ADH
Working outside on a hot day
 Brain – hypothalamus – regulating body
 Oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH) - hormones
 Stored in axon endings in pituitary gland
 When it’s hot you sweat, hypothalamus will detect
you are dehydrated releases ADH
 ADH travels to kidneys signal to reabsorb H2O