Transcript The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System
Case Study Investigation!
You are in a clinic examining a 12- yr old female patient.
Her parents are concerned about her excessive facial
hair and deepening of her voice. Further conversation
with the parent brings out the fact that this girl started
developing pubic hair at an age of 7 years. Examination
of the patient confirmed the parents’ observations, plus
showed that the girl was well above average in height for
her age. She also has unusually large amounts of acne
on her face and the back of her neck. A vaginal tract
exam indicated swelling of her external genitals. The girl
started losing weight rapidly last year and leg and thigh
muscles became well developed. This was attributed to
the girl starting intensive gymnastics practices for
upcoming competitions. Everything else about the girl
appears normal.
Endocrine System
 system of glands that secrete hormones to
regulate bodily functions
 hormones regulate
many functions of
an organism
including mood,
growth,
development,
& metabolism.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_vQZDH9hY (awesome!)
Glands of the Endocrine System
 10 ductless
glands (secrete
hormones
directly into
the bloodstream)
 cells will only
react if they have
appropriate
receptors to
detect stimuli
1- HYPOTHALAMUS:
LOCATION: in the brain
HORMONES:
hypothalamic-releasing
hormones
FUNCTIONS:
Controls the endocrine system by regulating the pituitary
gland; also control appetite, body temperature, and sleep
hypothalamus overview
DISEASES:
Tumors on this gland can cause growth, reproductive and
weight problems, frequent infections, etc. normal dopamine levels vs.
dopamine levels from cocaine
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/30913-how-the-brain-works-the-hypothalamus-video.htm
2 - PINEAL GLAND:
LOCATION: behind hypothalamus of brain
Hypothalamus
HORMONES: produces serotonin which
can convert into melatonin
FUNCTION:
a) Melatonin regulate circadian rhythms
(night/day)
b) Serotonin regulates appetite, emotions, moods,
sleep (boosts confidence & self-esteem)
sunlight = serotonin inc. / dec. melatonin
dusk = melatonin inc. / dec. serotonin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnUK3Z3Lyfo
DISEASES:
a) seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
antidepressants block reabsorption of serotonin
so it stays in your system longer
http://www.healthscout.com/animation/68/10/main.html
FACTS:
a) referred to as “third eye” (detects light)
3 - PITUITARY GLAND:
LOCATION: beneath the hypothalamus
HORMONES:
Anterior Pituitary: growth hormone, prolactin,
Posterior Pituitary: follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH), vasopressin (antidiuretic-ADH)
& oxytocin
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000099.htm
FUNCTION:
a) growth hormone regulates skeletal &
muscular system growth
b) prolactin stimulates milk production in
females
c) FSH regulates egg & estrogen formation in
ovaries & sperm production in testes
d) vasopressin conserves water
e) oxytocin – stimulates uterine contraction &
assists with milk release
DISEASES:
a) Acromegaly – excess growth
hormone
(hands & feet
first)
http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/humanmutants-mutation-giant.html
FACTS:
a) shortest mature human: Indian Gul
Muhammed  57cm
b) tallest human: American Robert Wadlow  6ft
at 8yrs old; 7ft at 15; died at 8ft 11in (491 lbs)
when he was 21
4&5 -THYROID & PARATHYROID GLAND:
LOCATION: near the voice box
http://parathyroid.com/hyp
erparathyroidismvideos.htm
HORMONES:
Thyroid: thyroid hormone (TH) & calcitonin
Parathyroid: parathyroid hormone (PTH)
FUNCTIONS:
a) Calcitonin adjusts calcium levels in blood and
bone via osteoblast activity
b) PTH increases calcium in the blood via
osteoclast activity
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp
202003.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/thyroids
urgery/htm/_no_50_no_0.htm
DISEASES:
a) Grave’s Disease (form of hyperthyroidism): immune
system attacks Thyroid & causing over production
of thyroxine
MUSC Health
b) Hyperparathyroidism: moans, groans, stones,
and bones with psychic overtones
FACTS:
red wine
contains a
substance
that fights
thyroid
cancer
6-ADRENAL GLANDS:
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=adrenal+glands+and+cortisol+function&FORM=HDRSC3#vie
w=detail&mid=E19455499B6EAB7C6643E19455499B6EAB7C6643
LOCATION: above each kidney (medulla & cortex)
HORMONES:
A. Cortex: cortisol & aldosterone
A. Medulla: adrenaline &
norephinephrine
FUNCTIONS:
a) Cortisol metabolizes lipids &
proteins to produce energy
b) Aldosterone regulates K and
Na (for normal muscle & nerve function)
c) Adrenaline (epinephrine) & Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
increases glucose for fuel and directs blood to muscles
DISEASES:
a) Cushings Disease  caused by high levels of
cortisol in the blood; results in weight gain of
trunk, thin and weak skin, fatigue, high B.P.
b) Addisons Disease  caused by low levels of
cortisol in the blood; results in darkening of the skin
from excess melanin, weight loss, fatigue, low B.P.
a)
b)
7- PANCREAS:
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp50/5002s.swf
LOCATION:
behind the stomach
HORMONES:
Insulin & Glucagon
FUNCTIONS:
a) Insulin lowers glucose
levels by getting body
cells to absorb/uptake it
b) Glucagon regulates blood
sugar by increasing
glucose in the blood
DISEASES:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/blood-sugar/MM00641
http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid236059233?bctid=347806813
Diabetes Mellitus  common disorder in which
there is a decrease in insulin production (T1) or
inability to detect insulin (T2); glucose levels can’t be
regulated properly
8-THYMUS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYgyL0_-t0Q
LOCATION: just above the heart
HORMONES: Thymosin
FUNCTION:
Thymosin makes white blood
cells called T cells which help the
body fight disease
DISEASE:
DiGeorge Syndrome – rare disorder in which the thymus
gland is flawed or absent; symptoms include a very weak
immune system
FACT: thymosin size decreases with age
9&10 – GONADS
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=gonad+function+video&qpvt=gonad+function+video&FORM=
VDRE&adlt=strict#view=detail&mid=FB065A6672866FA4364CFB065A6672866FA4364C
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp52/5202001.html (on behavior )
LOCATION: male  testes
female  ovaries
HORMONES: testes  Testosterone
ovaries  Estrogen & Progesteone
FUNCTION:
Testosterone produces 20 sex characteristics in males
(deepening of voice/pubic hair / sperm maturation) &
muscle development
Estrogen provides 20 sex characteristics in females
(breasts/pubic hair) & bone maintenance
Progesterone produces the menstrual cycle & body
changes during pregnancy
DISEASES:
Hypogonadism – when the gonads produce little or no
hormones (females  poor breast development, lack of
menstruation; boys  lack of muscle & beard growth and
growth problems)
Aging and the Endocrine System
 activity of this system varies with age-
 fetus: rapid growth period including
growth hormone, insulin, thyroxine are
important. Thymus starts small and grows
big to puberty.
 sex hormones are formed at 13 weeks
and reach their peak levels at puberty and
taper after age 30 (males) and 40
Case Study Investigation!
REMEMBER: Parents of a 12- yr old female
patient are concerned about her excessive facial
hair and deepening of her voice. The girl started
developing pubic hair at an age of 7 years and is
well above average height for her age. She also
has unusually large amounts of acne on her face
and the back of her neck, and her external genitals
are very swollen. The girl started losing weight
rapidly last year and leg and thigh muscles
became well developed but could be from
intensive gymnastics practices. Everything else
Questions:
1. What endocrine disease is the girl suffering from?
2. Which hormone is this disease secreting in excess?
3. What might be causing this disease?
4. What treatment is available?