Transcript Forestrey project

Forests in Canada
- Forests cover 42% of
Canada
- 4, 187, 820
kilometers squared
- Almost half of
Canada
Commercial VS. Non Commercial
- 25 % are
commercial forests
-
17 % are NonCommercial
Forests
- 58 % is NonForested
- Over 45 % of BC ‘s
total area is commercial
forest.
- BC contains many
softwood trees to
make lumber out of.
- This is majority the
Montane forest
region thus making it
the largest
commercial forest
region.
http://geology.com/canada/british-columbiamap.gif
Forest Regions
( Environment Canada, 2005-10-10)
http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/wildspace/maps
-e.html
Boreal Forest, Taiga Forest, Montane
Forest, Mixed Forest, West Coast
Forest, Artic, Prairies.
Boreal is the largest.
See Page 311 in your Text book.
The Arctic Region has the least
amount of forest because it is so
cold. ( Only 1%)
The Boreal region is the largest and it
spreads all through Canada thus
making it the largest region.
49%
11%
39%
65%
47%
Forests in Provinces
-
-
Boreal: NFL, Que, On, Man,
Sask, Alb, BC, Yuk,
Mixed Forest: On, Que, NB,
NS & PEI.
Taiga Forest: NFL, Que, On,
Man, Sask, Alb, BC, Yuk, NWT.
Montane Forest: BC, Alb
West Coast Forest: BC & Yuk.
http://studentweb.cencol.ca/wtsang15/COMP%20213/Assign
ment%202/map.jpg
Sustained Yield Forest Management
Sustained yield forest management Is
when the number of trees cut down is
restrained or a tree is planted in the
place of one that has been cut down.
Canada's Forest
Regions
Boreal Forest Region
The boreal forest region is the largest in
Canada, heading west from
Newfoundland and Labrador all the way
to British Colombia. It is Mostly
Coniferous trees but has some
deciduous trees. The boreal forest is
cold and vast. This forest is made up of
many Trees Such as spruce ,fir , pine
and aspen
Wildlife
Water
Woods
West Coast Forest Region
The west coast forest region is
located on the coast of British
Colombia and goes north to
Alaska.
This forest covers 16.5 Million
Hectors of land . This region is
very wet and relatively cold.
There is some forestry but it is
hard with the terrain
(Mountains).
Taiga Forest Region
The Taiga Forest region Covers much of Canada,
the temperture can stretch from -54c to 10c.
The Taiga forest does have some deciduous
trees like Birch, alder, willow and poplar. But
mostly coniferous trees. This Region has alot of
forestry activity
Montane forest region
This region Is mostly made up of small shrubs(Blue
Douglas Fir) located around mountains. This region is fairly
dry because of relief precipitation. Very little to no forestry
productivity.
Softwood and Hardwood
Softwood Comes from coniferous trees and hardwood comes
from deciduous trees. Hardwoods usually come from slower
growing trees.
Softwoods grow in huge sections of just softwoods, but
hardwoods are mostly found with many varieties of other trees.
My
Project!
Why is Central Canada the leading
Pulp and Paper producer?
• High energy rate
• Hydro energy provided energy needed
• Central Canada was full of rivers providing the energy
needed.
• When Pulp and Paper became a major industry,
central Canada was full of willing workers to build
and work the mills.
Continued…
• Trees in central Canada were perfect for newspaper
• Newspaper required no or little chemicals
• Newspaper quickly became the best selling form of
paper
• Central Canada was also close to the main buyers of
Newspaper. The U.S.A.
• Newspaper saw rapid growth in sales around WW1,
WW2 and still continues to see growth today.
Le Picture
Some Problems
• Trees used in paper face disease, over-farming/bad
soil, and being used for other purposes (ex:
Furniture)
• As more information becomes digital, paper is
becoming obsolete, specifically newspaper
• People are beginning to concern themselves with the
environment, and logging, pulp, etc… is becoming
‘vilified’ in the public mind.
Why is B.C. the leading producer of
Canada’s lumber?
• B.C. is full of Softwood, a preferred wood for
furniture, planks, etc..
• Once demand for North American softwood came
from China and Japan, prices and exports soared.
• Because B.C. is closest to Asia, B.C. sends most of the
wood.
• B.C. is now experiencing a growth ‘bubble”
• B.C. is now exporting most of Canada’s wood.
Problems
• Certain Beetle infect preferred trees
• Trees are susceptible to disease
• Clear-cutting can present erosion problems,
environmental problems and future economic
problems.
• Exports may slow down in future years
causing lay-offs, and possibly a depression in
the lumber economy.
Pictures
Why is the number of Sawmills
decreasing?
• Sawmills decreased because of recession,
dispute, and decreased demand.
• In 2009 a recession hit and lumber decreased
exceptionally
• A dispute between the U.S. about softwood
trade lowered lumber sales
• Decreased demand was because of recycling,
less need, etc…
Continued
• Because some of these reasons it contributed
to the downfall of some sawmills.
• Lay-offs, bankruptcy, etc… caused many shutdowns and abandonment’s.
• Also, as the world becomes more digital the
need for paper information becomes less
How are new sawmills different
from older ones?
• Old sawmills required a human workforce to
supply, operate, and keep the sawmill running.
• Old sawmills were not as efficient.
• Old sawmills presented a constant risk to the
workers
• Old sawmills provided more jobs
• Old sawmills were almost always powered by
water.
Continued…
• New sawmills are mechanically operated, either through remote human
operation, or programmed to perform set task.
• New sawmills perform better and give a better output
• New Sawmills provide less jobs
• New sawmills are costly
• New Sawmills put out old sawmills, even by large numbers, decreasing the
number of sawmills in the area.
• New sawmills can either use water or electricity for a source of power, and
use both trucks and boats to transport the merchandise.
• New sawmills still do require human workforce for certain tasks like log
jams or thin cuts with saws.
• New sawmills have greater safety precautions.
Pictures
Le Fin!
•Its a forestry or logging practice of cutting the
trees in a given area granted by the owner of the
land and by the government.
•The wood cut is usually transported away to
create products such as paper or furniture
5 Types of Clear Cutting
Standard Clear Cut
just cutting everything
Patch Clear Cut
cutting trees in a certain patch leaving others behind
Strip Clear Cutting
cutting trees in a row perpendicular to the wind
Clear Cutting With Reserves
cutting most trees while leaving some for different purposes E.g. Wildlife
Slash and Burn
burn everything down, leaving nothing behind
Clear Cutting Good and Bads
Positive
-lumber can be used to make goods like paper and furniture for
money
-builds new ecosystem in the area
-more space for farming
Negative
-destruction of land and habitats
-unattractive to see
-less natural recreation areas
-endangers animals
By combining chemicals
and other substances,
people create pesticides
that usually repel or kill a
certain kind of pest.
Its used to:
-prevent crops from being damaged by pest
around the area like weeds and bugs
-prevents the bug pests from growing again such
as swamps (mosquito)
Main Types of Pesticides
Herbicides
Fungicides
-plants: weeds
-fungi: mushrooms
Insecticides
Bactericides
-bugs: mosquito
-bacteria
Pesticides Worth it??????
Positive
-better harvest of crops
-kill dangerous bugs
preventing spread of
diseases
Negative
-waste of money
-expose to pesticides can have
negative effects to humans
-pesticide run off into water is
deadly the marine ecosystem
and life
-air pollution due to excess in
the air
-can kill animals and cause
extinction
•Businesses competing against other worldwide
businesses trying to achieve better products so
people would buy from them.
Global Competition Good & Bad
Positive
-competition makes
life interesting
-more money for the
country
Negative
-people will chop more
trees to compete
against others
-stressful to workers
while lower wages
BC Forests: Environment or Industry?
ENVIROMENTAL POINT OF VIEW
Looking at the forests of British Columbia you
can’t help but think that these forests are
some of the most beautiful forests and they
should be preserved.
Environmental Point of View
After all the BC forests are home to more than
20 native animal types including the flying
squirrel, the peregrine falcon, and the white
tailed deer.
Environmental Point of View
If the forests were to be cut down the would
be catastrophic consequences to all of these
animals who rely on these forests as a habitat.
BC Forests Industrial
INDUSTRIAL POINT OF VIEW
The need for nature is ever present in our
lives but the very foundation of our society
could be at right if we do not exploit this
natural resource.
Industrial Point of View
Recently the demand for lumber in China shot
up and so did the production rate. But as the
rate of consumption increases our rate of
production decreases with less forests to
harvest.
Industrial Point of View
To not meet China’s supply needs would be a
serious blow to the economic recovery in
British Columbia. 10% of British Columbia’s
economy is dependant upon the lumber
industry and China is 40% of the total exports.
Logging Techniques
Harvesting Process
Clear Cutting
Shelterwood Logging
Selective Cutting
Ease of Logging
Cost
Ecological Protection
Clear Cutting is the
easiest type of logging
because you just cut
everything down
Clear Cutting is not
very costly because all
you do is chop
everything, unless the
workers charge by the
tree
This method provides
no form of ecological
protection
whatsoever.
This method is
moderately difficult
because you have to
pick out certain
generations of trees
to cut.
Shelterwood logging is
moderately cost
effective because you
get the money over
time.
This method provides
solid protection for
the young saplings
that are planted to
replace the big ones.
Selective cutting is
very easy because you
only have to cut down
one or two trees
Selective cutting does
not cost a lot because
you are cutting down
one or two trees.
Selective cutting is
traditionally thought
to be economically
sustainable but recent
research has shown
that it is actually
harmful.