Transcript Culture VIII – Ethnic Conflict

Culture VIII – Ethnic Conflict
Why Do Ethnicities Clash?
1. Competition to dominate nationality
a) Ethiopia and Eritrea
b) Sudan
c) Somalia
2. Dividing ethnicities among more than one
state
a) India and Pakistan
Ethiopia and Eritrea
• Ethiopia
• Eritrea
• Civil War – 1961-1991
– 665,000 Eritrean
refugees fled to Sudan
– 1991 Eritreans defeated
Ethiopia and became
independent
• Border disputes
Sudan
• South – black Christians and animists
• North – Arab Muslims (control gov’t)
• Civil War – 1980s-2005
– 2 million (5%) dead
– 1 million refugees
• Darfur – 2003
–
–
–
–
Janjaweed – Arab nomads w/gov’t support
450,000 dead (est.)
2.5 million refugees
Genocide?
Somalia
• 9 million people, six ethnic groups, mostly Sunni
Muslims
• Civil War – 1991-2006
–
–
–
–
Gov’t collapsed
Somaliland declared independence
300,000 dead from famine and warfare
Islamist took control
• 1992 – US sent troops
– Huge debacle
– 1994 US withdrew
India and Pakistan
• 1947 – End of colonial
rule in India
• Creation of East and
West Pakistan
• Forced migration in the
late 1940s
Ethnic Cleansing
• What is it?
• What is its purpose?
• Two major examples
– Yugoslavia
– Rwanda
Yugoslavia
• Creation – unite several Balkan ethnicities
– “Yugoslavia has seven neighbors, six republics, five
nationalities, four languages, three religions, two
alphabets, and one dinar”
• Breakup of Yugoslavia in to five states based
on five republics
– Problem came in Bosnia (considered an ethnicity,
not a nationality)
Ethnic Groups in the former Yugoslavia
Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia
• Ethnic groups
– Bosnian Muslims – 48%
– Serb – 37%
– Croat – 14%
• Serbs and Croats fought to unite the portions of Bosnia
with Serbia and Croatia
• Ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims to create a
homogeneous population to be united w/Serbia or Croatia
• Dayton Accords – 1996
– Divided Bosnia & Herzegovina into three regions
• Bosnian Serbs – ½ of country
• Bosnia Croats – ⅓ of country
• Bosnian Muslims – ¼ of country
Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo
• Southern Serbia – 90% ethnic Albanian
• Albanians maintained control under Tito
• Breakup of Yugoslavia Serbia took over control
of Kosovo
• Ethnic cleansing of ethnic Albanians by Serbs
– 1999 – 750,000 refugees (out of 2 million total)
– NATO
– UN
Balkanization
• Balkanized
– Small geographic area that cannot be successfully
organized b/c of numerous ethnic groups
– Led to WWI
• Balkanization
– Process by which a state breaks down through
conflict among its ethnicities
Ethnic Cleansing in Rwanda
• Ethnic groups
– Hutu (85%) – farmers
– Tutsi (15%) – cattle herders
• Colonial rule
– Germany and then Belgium
• Independence – 1962
– Hutus killed or ethnically cleansed
Tutsis
• 1994
– Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi
assassinated
– Hutus ethnically cleanse Tutsis and
moderate Hutus
• 800,000 dead in 100 days
Ethnic Boundaries vs. State Boundaries