Transcript Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions?

Chapter 7 Lecture
The Cultural Landscape
Eleventh Edition
Ethnicities
Matthew Cartlidge
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issues
• Where are ethnicities distributed?
• Why do ethnicities have
distinctive distributions?
• Why do conflicts arise among
ethnicities?
• Why do ethnicities engage in
ethnic cleansing and genocide?
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Why Geographers Study Ethnicity:
the identity with a group of people who
share the cultural traditions of a particular
homeland or hearth.
identity-and-human-grouping-cultural-ethnic-racial-gender
• Few humans live in isolation. (spatial)
• People are members of GROUPS with whom
they SHARE important attributes, which may be
a source of pride
• ETHNCITY is a shared attribute: a link to the
experiences of ancestors & to cultural traditions
(food, music, etc.). It may also represent
measurable differences, (income, life
expectancy, infant mortality
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Geographers are interested in:
• Where ethnicities are distributed across space (as with
other elements of culture).
• Ethnic Groups are TIED to a particular place, because
members or ancestors were born & raised there
• Why ethnicities have distinctive traits, as with other
cultural elements, derives from the interplay of
connections with other groups (spatial) & isolation from.
• Especially important cultural element of LOCAL
DIVERSITY b/c our ethnic identity is UNCHANGEABLE
• No ethnicity is attempting to gain global adherents
(religion, language) but they do fight w/ other Ethnic
groups in order to gain specific areas around the world.
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Refugees
fleeing
Rwanda
1994
Ethnic conflict
often leads to
displaced
peoples and/or
migration of
people
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Learning Outcomes
• 7.1.1: Identify and describe the
major ethnicities in the United
States.
• 7.1.2: Describe the distribution
of major U.S. ethnicities among
states and within urban areas.
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Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
• Ethnicity is identity with a group of
people who share the cultural traditions
of a particular homeland or hearth.
• Race is identity with a group of people
who share a biological ancestor.
race-and-ethnicity-
definitions-social-minority-vs-social-majority 7 min
– Distribution of persons of color matters to
geographers.
• One’s skin color can determine where they
reside, attend school, spend their leisure time,
and perform life’s daily activities in some
societies.
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Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
• Every 10 years, the U.S. Bureau of
the Census conducts an
enumeration of the population.
– Its survey identifies 3 main ethnicities.
1. Asian American
– Americans from many countries in Asia
2. African American
– Americans who identify as a group with an
extensive cultural tradition with origins in Africa
3. Hispanic
– Americans who are from Spanish-speaking
countries.
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Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States
• Ethnic groups may live in particular
regions and particular communities
within cities and states.
– Regional Scale
• Hispanics: Clustered in the Southwest Slide 10
• African Americans: Clustered in the
Southeast Slide 11
• Asian Americans: Clustered in the West Slide 12
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Distribution of Ethnicities in the U.S.
• Ethnic groups may live in particular
regions and particular communities
within cities and states.
– Urban Scale
• African Americans & Hispanics are highly
clustered in urban areas.
– Ex: Chicago
» Neighborhoods on the south & west side of
Chicago have extensive African American
clusters.
– Ex: Los Angeles
» African Americans in south-central L.A.
» Hispanics in east L.A.
» Asian Americans in south and west L.A.
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FIGURE 7-11 DISTRIBUTION OF ETHNICITIES IN LOS ANGELES
According to the 2010
Census, African
Americans were
clustered
to the south of
downtown Los
Angeles & Hispanics
to the east.
Asian American
neighborhoods were
contiguous to the
African American &
Hispanic areas
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Regional distribution
clearly varies outside of
the National total %’s
Ethnic groups are
further CLUSTERED
into CITIES.
(85% in Detroit v.
7% in Michigan)
Ethnicities in
Chicago
African Americans, Hispanic
Americans, Asian Americans, &
European Americans are
clustered in different areas of the
city.
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Key Issue #2: Learning Outcomes
• 7.2.1: Describe the patterns of
forced voluntary migration of African
Americans, Hispanic Americans, &
Asian Americans to the United
States.
• 7.2.2: Describe the patterns of
migration of African Americans
within the United States.
• 7.2.3: Explain the laws once used to
segregate races in the United States
and South Africa.
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Key Issue #2: Why Do Ethnicities Have
Distinctive Distributions?
• International Migration of Ethnicities
21st-
century-population-migration-in-a-new-world 6 m
– Most African Americans are descended
from Africans forced to migrate to the
Western Hemisphere as slaves during the
18th c.
– Most Asian Americans & Hispanics are
descended from voluntary immigrants to
the United States during the late 20th &
early 21st c.
causes-of-latin-american-migration-to-the-US 9min
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Forced Migration from Africa
– Different European countries acquired
slaves from various regions of Africa,
then sent them to the Americas.
• Examples
– Portuguese shipped slaves from their colonies in
Angola and Mozambique to their American
colony, Brazil.
– Other European countries took slaves primarily
from a coastal strip of West Africa btwn Liberia
and the Congo, then sent them to the Caribbean
islands & Central & South America.
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FIGURE 7-14 TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE
rise-of-slave-trade-black-history-in-colonial-america
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st -4:02
FIGURE 7-13 ORIGIN & DESTINATION OF SLAVES
Most slaves were transported across the Atlantic from
West Africa to the Americas.
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Voluntary Migration from Latin
America & Asia
– Latin America
• Immigration from Mexico & Puerto Rico
fueled rapid growth of Hispanics in the U.S.
beginning in the 1970s.
• Third largest group of Hispanics came to
United States from Cuba.
– Asia
• Ranking of sending countries
– 1) China 2) India 3) Philippines 4) Korea 5)
Vietnam
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African American Migration Patterns
• MIGRATION is a process that
helps geographers to explains the
regular distribution of other cultural
factors, (Language & Religion)
– African Americans have 3 major
migration flows that shape the current
distribution of the group in the US
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Internal Migration of African
Americans
– African Americans have displayed 2
distinct internal migration patterns in
the U.S. during the 20th c.
1. Interregional migration from the U.S.
South to northern cities during the first
half of the twentieth century
2. Intraregional migration from inner-city
ghettos to outer city & inner suburban
neighborhoods during the second half of
the 20th c.
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Internal Migration of African Americans
– Interregional Migration
• Freed as slaves, most African Americans
remained in the rural South during the late 19th
c., working as sharecroppers—works fields
rented from a landowner & pays rent by turning
over a share of the crops to him or her.
• Mechanization of agriculture served as a push
factor, while manufacturing jobs in the north
acted as a pull factor that encouraged African
Americans to migrate to the northern cities.
• Traveled by bus & car along the major two-lane longdistance U.S. roads
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FIGURE 7-18 INTER REGIONAL MIGRATION OF AFRICAN
AMERICANS
Migration followed 4 distinctive channels along the East Coast,
east central, west central, & southwest regions of the country.
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Internal Migration of African Americans
– Intraregional Migration
• African Americans arriving at northern cities
clustered in neighborhoods where existing
African Americans already lived.
• Areas came to be known as ghettos.
• Over time, ghettos grew outward typically along
major avenues that radiated out from the center
of city.
• Many whites fled their neighborhoods when
blacks began moving in nearby. (white flight)
• Ex. Detroit’s white population dropped by 1.5 million
from 1950 to 2000.
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FIGURE 7-19 EXPANSION OF THE GHETTO IN BALTIMORE
In 1950, most African
Americans in Baltimore
lived in a small area
northwest of downtown.
During the 1950s &1960s,
the African American
area expanded to the
northwest, along major
radial roads, & a second
node opened on the east
side. The south-side
African American area
was an isolated public
housing complex built for
wartime workers in the
nearby port industries.
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FIGURE 7-20 ETHNIC POPULATION CHANGE IN DETROIT
Btwn 1950 & 2010, the white population of Detroit declined
from 1.7 million to 100,000 today, whereas the African
American population increased from 300,000 to 600,000.
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Segregation by Ethnicity & Race
– U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law
that required blacks & whites to ride in
separate railway cars.
• Plessy v. Ferguson, states that the law was
constitutional, because it provided separate, but
equal, treatment of blacks & whites.
– Southern states enacted a set of laws
commonly referred to as the “Jim Crow”
laws to segregate black from whites.
• Ex: Blacks had to sit in the backs of buses, &
shops, restaurants, & hotels could choose to
serve only whites.
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• South Africa Apartheid
– White descendants from Holland enacted a legal
system intended to segregate its people called
apartheid.
• Defined: physical separation of different races into different
geographic areas
– Newborn baby was classified as being one of 4
races: 1) black 2) white 3) colored 4) Asian
• Each race had a different legal status & associated rights in
regards to where one could live, attend school, work, shop,
& own land.
– Apartheid laws repealed (ended by law) in 1991.
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FIGURE 7-22 APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa’s apartheid laws were designed to spatially
segregate races as much as possible. This 1984 image of
City Hall in Johannesburg shows that whites & nonwhites
were required to use separate bathrooms.
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Learning Outcomes
• 7.3.1: Explain the difference between
ethnicity & nationality.
• 7.3.2: Identify and describe the
principal ethnicities in Lebanon & Sri
Lanka.
• 7.3.3: Describe how the Kurds, as
well as ethnicities in south Asia, have
been divided among more than one
nationality.
• 7.3.4: Identify & describe the
principal ethnicities in western Asia.
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Why Do Conflicts Arise among Ethnicities?
• Ethnicities and Nationalities
– Nationality is identity with a group of people who share
legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular
country.
– Nationality shares similar concepts with ethnicity.
• Both defined through shared cultural values derived
from religion, language, and material culture.
– Nationality differs with ethnicity in terms of legal
standing.
• Nationality defined through shared experiences
derived from voting, obtaining a passport, and
performing civic duties.
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– Nation-states: ethnicity transformed into nationalities b/c
desire for self-rule is a very important shared idea.
• Denmark=a good ex. Of a nation-state (there is no perfect one); strong
sense of unity, shared cultural characteristic, history, attitudes,
language.
– Nationalism: requires loyalty of citizens to survive.
Nationalistic feelings are used by governments to
instill loyalty.
Supported when people support the state
» Mass media is often the most effective way to accomplish this
» Nearly ALL countries control the media
» Fostered via symbols (flags) & songs (anthems)
Impact: Positive & Negative :
(-) intense dislike for the “other”
(+)Centripetal Force – attitude that tends to UNIFY
people & enhance support for a state.
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Revival of ethnic identity
1700-1800 Nationality became more important than
ethnic i.d.
WHY?... Establishment of states & loyalty to them
Napoleon and France conquering much of Europe
Late 20th c.
–again, ethnic Identity became more
important than nationality
WWII-1990s:
-attitudes toward communism & economic
cooperation were more important political factors
in Europe than the nation-state principles
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Nationalities in North America
– Distinguishing between nationality,
ethnicity, and race in the United States
• Nationality identifies citizens of the U.S.
• Ethnicity identifies groups with distinct ancestry
& cultural traditions.
– Ex: African Americans and Hispanic Americans
• Race distinguishes blacks & other persons of
color from whites.
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Ethnic Competition
– Ethnic Competition in Lebanon
• Nearly all Lebanese Christians consider
themselves ethnically descended from the
ancient Phoenicians.
• Lebanon’s Muslims consider themselves
Arabs.
– Diversity in Lebanon at the surface
appears to be more religious than
ethnic.
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Ethnic Competition
– Ethnic Diversity in Sri Lanka
• Sri Lanka is inhabited by three principal
ethnicities.
1. Sinhalese (74 percent)
» Migrated from northern India in 5th c. B.C.
» Converted to Buddhism
2. Tamil (16 percent)
» Migrated from India in third century B.C.
» Practice Hinduism
3. Moors (10 percent)
» Ethnic Arabs
» Migrated from southwest Asia in 18th c. A.D.
» Practice Islam
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Dividing Ethnicities
muslim-and-hindu-conflict-in-india-and-the-partition-of-india-and-
pakistan 7:30
– Few Ethnicities inhabit an area that
matches the territory of a nationality.
– Dividing South Asian Ethnicities among
Nationalities (Ex. India)
• Britain’s end of colonial rule of the Indian
subcontinent in 1947 gave birth to two new
countries—India and Pakistan.
– Pakistan comprised of 2 noncontiguous areas
called West & East Pakistan
» East Pakistan later became Bangladesh in
1971.
– Reason for separating West & East Pakistan from
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India was differences in ethnicity.
Train Station in Amritsar, India,
October, 1947
The station is filled with Hindu refugees who have fled from the
new country of Pakistan.
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FIGURE 7-31 ETHNIC DIVISION OF SOUTH ASIA
In 1947, British India was partitioned into 2 independent
states, India & Pakistan, which resulted in the migration of an
estimated 17 million people. The creation of Pakistan as 2
territories nearly 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) apart proved
unstable, & in 1971 East Pakistan became the independent
country of Bangladesh.
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Dividing Ethnicities
– Dividing the Kurds among Nationalities
• Who are the Kurds?
– Sunni Muslims
– Speak a language in the Iranian group of the IndoIranian Branch of Indo-European.
– Feature distinctive literature, dress, & cultural
traditions.
• An Ethnicity without a Country
– After WWI, the European allies demarcated land for
the Kurds called Kurdistan.
– 1923 Treaty of Lausanne established what would
have been Kurdistan as part of Turkey.
– Today, Kurds are divided among several countries:
eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, & Syria.
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
– Iraq
• ¾ of Iraqis are Arabs.
– 2/3 Shiite
– 1/3 Sunni
• 1/6 of Iraqis are Kurds.
• Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or
clan than to a nationality or major ethnicity.
– Iran
• Most numerous ethnicity is Persian.
– Adheres to Shiite Islam
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Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive
Distributions?
• Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
– Afghanistan
• Most numerous ethnicities include
Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara.
– Faction of Pashtun called the Taliban (meaning
“religious students”) gained control over most of
the country in 1995 and proceeded to rule with
policies based on Islamic fundamentalism.
– Pakistan
• Most numerous ethnicity is Punjabi.
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FIGURE 7-34 ETHNICITIES IN WESTERN ASIA
The complex distribution of ethnicities and nationalities
across western Asia is a major source of conflict.
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Learning Outcomes
• 7.4.1: Describe the process of
ethnic cleansing.
• 7.4.2: Explain the concept of ethnic
cleansing in the Balkans.
• 7.4.3: Identify the principal episodes
of genocide in northeastern Africa.
• 7.4.4: Identify the principal episodes
of genocide in Central Africa.
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Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic
Cleansing and Genocide?
• Ethnic cleansing is a process in which a
more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a
less powerful one in order to create an
ethnically homogeneous region.
– Motivation is not to simply defeat an enemy or to
subjugate them, instead it is to remove each
member of the less powerful ethnicity, including
men, women, children, and the elderly.
• Ex: Forced migration associated with WWII that
included the deportation of millions of Jews,
gypsies, and other ethnic groups to concentration
camps where most were exterminated
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Ethnic Cleansing
• FORCED migrations occur throughout history
– 20th century
• WWII: largest level 39-45 deportation of Jews & others
• Post WWII: Germans , Poles Russians, etc. forced to migrate
due to BOUNDARY CHANGES!!
• Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia
– Creation of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia
– Destruction of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia
• Ethnic cleansing in central Africa
– 1962 Hutu to Tutsi
– 1994 Tutsi to Hutu
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FIGURE 7-37:
FORCED MIGRATION OF ETHNICITIES AFTER WW II
The largest
number were
Poles forced to
move from
territory occupied
by the USSR
(now Russia),
Germans forced
to migrate from
territory taken
over by Poland &
the Soviet Union,
& Russians forced
to return to the
Soviet Union from
Western Europe.
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Fig. 7-40
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Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic
Cleansing & Genocide?
• Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans
– In recent years, ethnic cleansing has
occurred in portions of former Yugoslavia.
ethnic-
warfare-in-former-yugoslavia-events-and-timeline 10min
• Bosnia
– Serbs & Croats fought to not be part of a multiethnic
state with a Muslim plurality.
» Motivated to perform ethnic cleansing on Bosnian
Muslims to reduce their numbers and to offer an
ethnically homogenous group of people to be
better candidates for union with Serbia and
Croatia.
– Ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims created one
continuous area of Bosnia Serb domination rather than
several discontinuous ones.
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Fig. 7-38
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The Situation
Terror_in_the_Balkans__The_Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.wmv 28 min
• Bosnian Muslims 48% -viewed as ethnicity
• Serbians 37%
• Croat 14%
• Bosnia & Herzegovina’s Serbs & Croats
fought to unite the portions of the republic
that they inhabited with Serbia &Croatia
• Serbs & Croats engaged in “cleansing” of
Bosnian Muslims to strengthen their case for
breaking away from Bosnia-Herzegovina
– Attempting to create a majority in the territory over
the majority by killing them
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The Solution?
Through Ethnic Cleansing the Bosnian Serbs created
one continuous area of Bosnian Serb domination vs.
several discontinuous ones
• Bosnia Herzegovina
– Into 3 regions 1 each dominated by the Bosnian Croats,
Muslims & Serbs
• Bosnian Croat & Muslim regions were combined into
a federation
• Serb region has operated with almost complete
independence from the others
ETHNIC CLEANSING PAID OFF!
Bosnian Serbs got ½ of the country (only 1/3 of pop.)
Bosnian Croats got ¼ of the land (1/6 of the pop.)
Bosnian Muslins got ¼ of the land (even though they
WERE ½ of the population BEFORE the cleansing
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Fig. 7-39
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KOSOVO
• Ethnic Albanians = 90% majority
• Serbia was given Kosovo when Yugoslavia was created
(WWI)
• Under Tito- (Communism) ethnic Albanians in Kosovo
received administrative autonomy & National Identity
– Most Serbs emigrate FROM Kosovo North to Serbia
– Increasing the Albanian majority form ½ in 1946 to ¾ by 1981
• Yugoslavia breakup- Serbia took DIRECT control of
Kosovo
– Began ethnic cleansing of Albanian majority 1990s.
– Forcing 750,000 of the 2 million Albanian from their homes to
camps in Albania
• NATO launched bombing attacks against Serbia
– Serbia agreed to withdraw all of its soldiers and police from
Kosovo
– NATO sent 50,000 troop to occupy Kosovo and most Albanians
returned home
• UN took over peace talks to resolve the issue
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Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic
Cleansing and Genocide?
• Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans
– Balkanized was a term widely used to
describe a small geographic area that could
not successfully be organized into one or
more stable states, because it was inhabited
by multiple, longstanding ethnicities with
animosity towards each other.
– Balkanization is the process by which a
state breaks down through conflicts among
its ethnicities.
– If peace comes to the Balkans, it will be
because ethnic cleansing “worked” tragically.
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Aerial photography helped document the stages of ethnic cleansing in western
Kosovo in 1999. Irrefutable evident of the PROCESS provided by analytic tool
of Geography!
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Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic
Cleansing & Genocide?
• Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in SubSaharan Africa
– Genocide is the mass killing of a group of
people in an attempt to eliminate the entire
group from existence.
• Ex. Darfur
– Darfur’s black Africans launched a rebellion in 2003
because of discrimination experienced.
– Sudanese government, with help of marauding
Arab nomads, crushed the rebellion.
» 480,000 have been killed.
» 2.8 million live in refugee camps in harsh
conditions.
– Many countries have termed the actions of the
Sudanese government as genocide.
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• “Yugoslavia has seven
neighbors, six republics,
five nationalities, four
languages, three
religions, two alphabets
and one dinar”…
¶ & a partridge in a pear
tree.
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FIGURE 7-45 DARFUR REFUGEE CAMP
Refugees from Darfur are living in a camp in Adré, Chad.
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Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic
Cleansing and Genocide?
• Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in
Central Africa
– Rwanda
• Genocide involving Hutus murdering
hundreds of thousands of Tutsis began in
1994.
– Congo
• Conflict between Hutus & Tutsis spilled into
neighboring countries.
– Laurent Kabila, president succeeding Mobutu,
permitted Tutsis to kill some of the Hutu
residents.
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Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic
Cleansing and Genocide?
• Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Central
Africa
– Ethnic conflict is widespread in Africa
largely because the present-day boundaries
of countries do not match the boundaries of
ethnic groups.
• During 19th & 20th centuries, European
countries carved up the continent in to a
collection of colonies, with little regard for the
distribution of ethnicities.
• When colonies became states, some tribes were
divided among more than one modern state, &
others were grouped with dissimilar tribes.
– A recipe for conflict
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Hutu vs. Tutsi in Rwanda & Burundi
Long standing historical conflict
• Heart of a series of wars in central Africa
• Hutus settled farmers in fertile hills and valleys of
Rwanda & Burundi’s Great Lakes area
– Majority 85%
• Tutsi cattle herders who migrated to the area from the
Rift Valley of Western Kenya 400 years ago
– Minority 15%
– Took control of Hutu majority & made them serfs
• Rwanda & Burundi became German colonies in 1899
until Germany lost WWI. Then Belgium got the Mandate
– Under colonial rule the minority Tutsi’s were allowed
privileges of education & govt. positions. Hutu’s were
excluded.
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Tutsi
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Hutu
• 1962 -Independence. Hutus ethnically cleansed most
of the Tutsis out of fear that they’d take control
• 1994- after the airplane of the president was shot down,
(probably by Tutsis) Tutsis poured in from neighboring
Uganda, defeated the Hutu army and killed ½ million Hutus
& lost ½ million of their own in the fight. All in 90 days!!!!
• Meanwhile…. 3 million of 7 million Hutus fled to Zaire,
Tanzania, Uganda & Burundi
• The Conflict spilled into Congo
• Tutsis controlled Rwanda was instrumental in overthrowing
Congo Pres. Mobutu in 1997 & replacing him with Kabila.
Who they then rebelled against to gain control of the eastern
half of the Congo. Kabila turned to the Mayi Mayi who hate
the Tutsis for help. He was assassinated in 2001. His son
took over & negotiated a peace in 2002.
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Summary
• Conflicts can arise when a country contains
several ethnicities competing with each other for
control or dominance.
• Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who
share the cultural tradition of a particular homeland
or hearth, whereas race is identified with a group
of people who share a biological ancestor.
• Ethnicities cluster within the United States as a
result of distinctive patterns of migration.
• Conflicts also arise when an ethnicity is divided
among more than one country.
• Ethnic cleansing is a process in which a more
power ethnic group forcibly removes a less
powerful one in order to create an ethnically
homogenous region.
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