Transcript Ethnicity
Chapter 7
Ethnicities
in the United States
• Clustering of ethnicities (see map)
• African American migration patterns
Slavery, industrialization, ghetto
Differentiating
ethnicity and race
• Race in the United States
75% white, 12% black, 4% Asian
• Division by race in South Africa
Apartheid
Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among
Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.
Fig. 7-8: Twentieth-century African American migration within the U.S.
consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of
the Northeast, Midwest, and West.
Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black
“homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a
citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of
apartheid.
Rise
of nationalities
• Nation-states- territory based on ethnicity
• Nationalism- loyalty and devotion to nationality
Revival
of ethnic identity
• Ethnicity and communism
Communism seeks to unify people through government
and mask ethnic identity
• Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe
After the fall of Communism, more ethnic groups fought
for self-determination
Multinational
states
• Former Soviet Union
15 republics based on largest ethnicities
After 1991, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova,
Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Russia
were created
• Russia
39 nationalities, Chechnya Sunni Muslims
• Turmoil in the Caucasus
Azerbaijan (fragmented state)
Armenia (most homogenous country in Caucasus)
Georgia (Conflict between Ossetians and Abkhazians)
Ethiopia/Eritrea
• Ethiopia dissolved
Eritrea’s govt.
• 30 year civil war; 665,000
refugees
• 1991 Eritrea gains
independence and loses
it in 2000
Sudan
• Civil war since 1980’s between Muslims and
Christians/Animist
• Sudanese Muslims want a nation state based on
Sharia Law
• 2 million deaths
Somalia
• 1990s government collapsed
• 6 major clans fought for power and resources
• 300,000 deaths
Gained independence
in 1943
Constitution made govt
offices of every
ethnicity
1932 census had
Christian majority
By 1975, population
changed to a Muslim
majority but the govt
didn’t reflect change.
India, Pakistan
Bangladesh
and
• Gained independence in
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1947 from Great Britain
G.B. created Pakistan and
Bangladesh
6 million Muslims migrated
to Pakistan
1 million migrated to
Bangladesh
9.5 million migrated to India
Kashmir conflict over
border
o Sinhalese
74% population
Buddhist
oTamils 18 % population
Hindus
oSince 1983, 60,000 people
have died
oTamils feel discriminated
against
oTamils assassinated a
president and wounded
another
Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European
language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a
Dravidian language.
Ethnic
cleansing in central Africa
• Rwandans shared a common culture until
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colonialism
Belgium and Germany divided Rwandans into
3 groups (Hutu, Tutsi and Twa)
Belgians encouraged the suppression of Hutu
Hutu gained independence and responded
with the same suppression to Tutsi
1994- Hutu began killing all Tutsi
Ethnic
cleansing in Yugoslavia
• Creation of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia
After WWI, allies created Yugoslavia to unite South
Slavic speaking ethnicities
• Destruction of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia
After Tito’s death, independent countries were
formed
Political boundaries failed to match ethnic
territories
Serbs and Croats wanted to get rid of Bosnia
Muslims
Kosovo conflict between Serbs and Albanians
Fig. 7-22: Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic
diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia,
Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.
Fig. 7-19: Territorial changes after World War II resulted in many
migrations, especially by Poles, Germans, and Russians.