Transcript Omar Khan
Integration and Muslims: A wider agenda Omar Khan, Director 1 About Runnymede Runnymede is the UK’s leading independent race equality think tank. We work through: High quality research and analysis Engaging communities Influencing policy 2 What Do We Mean By Integration? • Different domains (compare CLG policy) • Which groups (not only Muslims, or minorities) • How measure? 3 Summary of Citizenship Survey (1) • 90% of Muslims – and also Hindus, Sikhs and ethnic minority Christians – in Britain report a strong sense of personal belonging to Britain. • Muslims across a variety of ethnicities were more likely to report feeling British than were Caribbean Christians. • The strength of this sense of Britishness was associated with age, gender, place of birth and, risk of racist victimisation. Those who perceived themselves at risk of victimisation were less likely to personally feel part of Britain, or of strongly belonging to Britain. (See also EMBES and ‘sociotropic’ findings) 4 Summary of Citizenship Survey (2) • Yet while a sense of belonging to Britain generated from an individual’s sense of having a legitimate claim to British identities, this sense of legitimacy is affected by the responses of others in wider society to this. Those who are consistently told that they are ‘not British’ are less likely to feel that they are. 5 Different Domains? • CLG sees as one process in its Integration Strategy, but we disaggregated: • • • • • • • Common ground: shared aspirations and values focusing on commonalities rather than differences; Responsibility: a sense of mutual commitments and obligations, personal and social responsibility; Social mobility: the realisation of people’s potential, particularly with regard to occupational and educational attainments; Participation and Empowerment: taking part in the civic and political life of the country both at the national and local level; Tackling intolerance and extremism: responding to intolerance, discrimination, extremist views and everything that causes social tensions. We found variation by ethnic group and migrant background on the above, Other possible domains?: Residential, socioeconomic, participation-political, cultural, interpersonal 6 National identity by ethnic group in England, 2011 7 National Identity by religion, 2011 8 Change in Separation, ethnicity Separation in 1991 Separation in Separation in 2001 2011 100% 90% 80% 70% Pakistani 61% (-0%) 60% Bangladeshi 58% (-3%) Caribbean 58% (-4%) African 54% (-13%) Indian 51% (-5%) White 49% (-2%) 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Chinese 34% (+2%) The Index of Dissimilarity across 376 local authorities of England and Wales. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completely evenly spread. The change from 2001 to 2011 is shown in brackets after the 2011 value. 0% 9 Change in Separation, religion Separation in 2001 100% Separation in 2011 The Index of Dissimilarity across 376 local authorities of England and Wales. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completely evenly spread. The change from 2001 to 2011 is shown in brackets after the 2011 value. 90% 80% 70% Jewish 63% (+1%) 60% 50% Muslim 54% (-2%) Hindu 52% (-5%) 40% 30% Buddhist 26% (-4%) 20% 10% Christian 15% (-2%) No religion 12% (+0%) 0% 10 Child poverty by ethnic group Persistent poverty by ethnic group Low pay and wage inequality Much wage inequality driven by ‘occupational segregation’ But also over-qualification (see also Runnymede briefing on Russell group graduates) Very or fairly disatisfied with democracy 16 Rejection of non-violence Sources: EMBES, BES 2010, BES Continuous Monitoring Survey, October 2011 17 Distrust police 18 Distrust politicians 19 Couples in inter-ethnic relationships 20 Percentage of White British who would mind if a relative married a different ethnic group 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Muslim Asian West Indian Black African Eastern European 21 Conclusion • Integration isn’t a uniform, linear process • Runnymede view argue that some ‘domains’ are more important for building a successful multi-ethnic democracy • Integration applies to all groups, not just Muslims, and not just minorities • In general integration is progressing relatively well • But there are concerns, more around socio-economic disadvantage and discrimination • Personal attitudes matter, including majority attitudes • Islamophobia is a form of racism; 1997 Report still useful • Wider platform of all committed to anti-discrimination and anti-racism Roy Jenkins on Integration • Home Secretary Roy Jenkins famously described integration in 1966 ‘not as a flattening process of assimilation but as equal opportunity, accompanied by cultural diversity, in an atmosphere of mutual tolerance’.