Transcript PowerPoint 演示文稿 - Beijing Normal University

Chapter 2. Structure of China Geography
1.Boundary and Territory
1.1 Boundary and Neighboring
Countries
Russia
Kazakstan
• Borders 15 countries
• Along with nine provinces (132
counties)
Mongolia
North Korea
Afghanistan
•Island Coastline: 14000km
•Eastest Island : Diaoyu Islands,
Chek Mei Lantau
Pakistan
India
Burma
Neighboring Coutries
• Coastline:18000km
• With Japan, North Korea, the
Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore,
and other countries across the sea
(with the “目”font development)
Land Boundaries:22,000 km
1.2 Territory Area:
• Land Area：9,600,000km2，Land power, China is a mountainous country
• Ocean Area：3,000,000km2（Four Large Seas）
Dec 10th 1982：UNCLOS
Nov 16th 1994：Entered into force, the establishment of
new marine order.
• Important Changes
State territorial rights extended from 3 nautical mile to 12 nautical
mile
Designated 200-nautical mile as Exclusive Economic Zone
Delimited 35.8% of the world's sea as coastal countries
World seabed and its resources for the common heritage of mankind
Territory Area：960+300=1260（ten thousand km2 ）
?
The Composition and Division of the Sea under
the Jurisdiction of P.R.China
——China's Sea as National Territory
（Editor:Qian Yan-ping, Ocean Press，1998）
•The maximum seas under the jurisdiction of China : inland sea , ports, territorial sea,
contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf
Territorial Sea Baseline
Ports
Inland Sea
Continental Shelf
Exclusive Economic Zone
Contiguous Zone
Territorial Sea
Mare Liberum
World's oceans and seas are divided into regions under the international
jurisdiction and national jurisdiction
The Composition and Division of the Sea under the Jurisdiction of P.R.China 1
—— Inland Sea of China
Territorial Sea Baseline
Inland Sea
Land
Including : national
port, the gulf, the strait
and the other sea within
the territorial sea
baseline
Ocean
Legal status equivalent
of the country’s lake
and river, owning the
absolute sovereign right
The Composition and Division of the Sea under
the Jurisdiction of P.R.China 2
—— Territorial Sea of China
Divide Territorial Sea Using
Straight Baselines Method
Territorial Sea Line
Territorial Sea Width
Territorial Sea Baseline
(The lowest ebb line)
Normal Baselines Method
China owning sovereign rights of biological and
non- biological resources of territorial seas ;
All states enjoy free shipping home rights without
victims through territorial seas.
Territorial Sea Line
Law of the PRC on the
Territorial Sea and the
Contiguous Zone and
international convention in
1992:Territorial seas
including 12 nautical miles
from the baselines of the
territorial sea waters.
Territorial Sea
Territorial Sea Width
Territorial Sea
Baseline
Inland Sea
Land
Straight Baselines Method
The Composition and Division of the Sea under the Jurisdiction of P.R.China 3
——Contiguous Zone
of China
Baseline width of the territorial sea
beyond territorial seas:
not exceeding 24 nautical miles
contiguous zone
Territorial Sea Line
Territorial Sea Baseline
Inland Sea
Ocean
Law of the PRC on
the Territorial Sea
and the Contiguous
Zone and
international
convention in
1992:Territorial
seas including 12
nautical miles from
the baselines of the
territorial sea
waters.
Law : Owning the right to prevent and punish the violation of security,
customs, financial, sanitation or immigration laws in its land territory,
inland sea or territorial waters, and regulations.
The Composition and Division of the Sea under the Jurisdiction of P.R.China 4
——Exclusive Economic Zone
of China
Legal status : State of all its natural resources owning
the rights of exploration, exploitation, conservation
and utilization; other states enjoy their flight and
navigation as well as the laying of submarine cables and
pipelines, and other free rights.
Territorial Sea
Inland Sea
Ocean
The width of the territorial sea beyond
the territorial sea baseline should not
exceed 200 nautical miles
Our Exclusive Economic Zone severe problems (interference with the sovereignty of
neighboring countries on the South China Sea; width of Yellow Sea and East China Sea)
The Composition and Division of the Sea under the Jurisdiction of P.R.China 5
——Mare Liberum
Regions under the National Jurisdiction
Regions under the international Jurisdiction
Mare Liberum
International Seabed
Management of all sea area outside national sea area, the common heritage of humankind
2. View China from Outer Space
2.1 Flying to View China （Video）
Snow line (m)
2.2 View China Land from Satellite
Remote Sensing Image of China
Information Sources:
Landsat1\2\3;MSS
Height 750-900km Standard false
color composite
584 multimaps merging
•Scale series : 1:100 0,000 -1:6000,000
•Editor: Chen Shupeng
• Science Press
Identification of Chinese Remote Sensing Image
Resolution and its Geographical Significance：
• Spatial Resolution：79M—Basic Geographical Unit
Area of one map：34,000 square kilometers - macro
• Spectrum Resolution ：Multi-spectral (not concluding visiblelight )
mixed pixel -Geographic integration
• Spatial Resolution :
period：18 days—dynamic monitoring
quasi-synchronous ：Hour in the Northern Hemisphere 9
to 10 time clock—third dimension
• Standard and Quantitive Information in the World
Reading Chinese Remote Sensing Image
•
•
•
•
Geomorphologic Level
Hydrological Level
Land Use and Cover Level
Climate level
Theme
Geographic Perspective
“Who can Raise Chinese People”
Homework
Location Contrast between China and America
Geographic Perspective
Theme
“Who will feed China”
1. Two Important Publications in 1995
•Who will Feed China – Wake up Call for a Small Planet
Lester R.Brown（Director,World Surveying Institution of America）
•China’s Agricultural Development Report
95（White Paper on China's Agriculture）
Liu Jiang (China Agriculture Minister)
Chinese leaders concerned about China's future and the
world politicians, scientists, economists, and the eyes of the
world 1/5 towards the country with a large population.
Analysis of Book Skin
that Brown Chosen
Agriculture？
Lagging Farming Fashion
Rural？
Poor minority areas,
traditional agriculture
Farmer？
38 61
Chinese？
Poor
2. Brown's Main Point of View (Pessimism)
Future : Chinese people can not feed themselves
(Chinese Food Panic)
Who can not feed Chinese people
(World Food Panic)
1）From the 1990s to 2030, China will follow industrialization path
of Japan and Korea in 1950-1990,with worker-peasant contradictions,
Significant decline in per capita arable land, food needs contradiction.
2） China will have 1.6 billion people in 2030.we must rely on food
imports, which attracts worldwide grain price has been inflated. Weather
China has the ability to buy foreign food and which country can provide
China with food.
3. Survey Brown's View from the Perspective of Geography
1）The model of industrialization can’t be compared between
small island and land power country. Limiting factors in
grain output are essentially different, the former, land
quantitative restrictions, the latter, land quality restrictions.
2）Chinese natural geographical diversity-industrialization
process, food production geographical diversity, the impact of
geographical differences is also large; And essentially different
at small island state, can be complementary of regions,
complementary of the worker-peasant.
3) Overestimate China's per-capita appropriation level
10,644 U.S. dollars China's per capita GDP in 2030,
(amounting to lower than the current per capita GDP of
Japan at 6% growth rate (1998 to 32,380 U.S. dollars in
Japan; Shanghai, China for 3,000 U.S. dollars), not
owning Japan's import capacity.
4） Chinese consumption levels may be
corresponding with the industrialization level of
the current Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou in
2030.
4. Chinese People can Feed Themselves
1） China has the ability to solve food needs problems.
2） The basis of Brown’s perspective is inadequate or even wrong
3） Chinese people can feed themselves
5. Who are feeding American People
（Chen Baiming，1998）
What materials are America relying on to maintain the
standard of living and economic development capacity?
1) Strongly dependent on the resources of the world (per capita energy
consumption four times of per capita in the world) 2) The high
pollution emissions to the environment (U.S. CO2 emissions accounting
for 23.7% of the world total, 5.15 times per capita for the world in
1995) 3) The living standard with high consumption.
Homework：Location Contrast between China and America
•
Theme : Similarities and differences of geographical location between
China and the United States and analysis features preliminarily
•
Methods : Reading maps and analysis, comparison with tables
•
Ability Training : The ability to obtaining information from the map
•
Requirements : Two people every group to discuss, hand up one
homework
•
Related Website
•http://www.china-ns.com/
•http://www.mlr.gov.cn/index.jsp
•http://www.cng.com.cn
•http://www.dlpd.com
•http://www.digitalearth.net.cn/C-index1.htm
•http://www.nrscc.gov.cn/