Transcript Chapter 2
Chapter 3 Population Introduction Late 1700’s Thomas Malthus warns of the growing population in Great Britain. He issued warnings of massive famine and widespread suffering. Although it did not take hold in England, his predictions would follow suit in the growing world. Focus of Chapter Where? Geographers 1st study population problems by describing where people are found across Earth’s space. • = population distribution 2nd issue is the places where population is growing Why? 3rd issue is why populations are growing at different rates in different places 4th issue = overpopulation? Demography Definition: Study of the characteristics of human populations Vital Records • Births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and certain infectious diseases • Collected at all levels Censuses Definition: straightforward count of the number of people in a country, region, or city. • Not usually simple The #’s are important, they determine government funding Limitations • Expensive, labor • Undercounts • Many protest that not all of the population is counted – homeless • India- biometric census Most nations repeat every 10 years • U.S. since 1790 • 1985- quinquennial (5 years) report: Other organizations • WHO, Immigration Bureau Key Issue 1:Where is the world’s population distributed? Important because: More people are alive! World’s population is increasing at a faster rate Almost all the population growth is located in LDC’s If distributed evenly, the world’s population density would be 108 persons per square mile. World Population – POP CLOCKS Greenland= .1 per square mile Bangladesh= 2300 per square mile 7 billion!!! About 77 million per year since 1990 China and India = 38% of world pop Population Distribution Degree of accessibility, topography, soil fertility, climate and weather, water availability and quality, and type and availability are some factors that shape population distribution. Ex. Brazil’s high pop concentration along the coast dates back to the Portuguese control in the 16th and 17th centuries. Example: Mecca/ Medina Population clusters A country’s political and economic experiences and characteristics can shape the population as well. Another important factor is culture as expressed in religion, tradition, or historical experience All world’s inhabitants live on 10% of land Most live near edge of landmasses, near water 90% live North of the equator Most of world’s pop lives in temperate, lowlying areas with fertile soils Asia most populated continent 2nd = Africa 3rd= Europe Continent # in millions Total % Asia Africa Europe L. America 4,216 1,051 740 596 60% 15% 11% 8.5% 346 37 5% .05% + Caribbean N. America Oceania Sub-Saharan Africa is fastest growing population in the World! 2011 Data Population Concentrations 2/3rds of the world’s population clustered in four regions! East Asia South Asia SE Asia Europe All four regions have: - - - An ocean or river nearby Low-lying areas Fertile soil and average climate In the Northern Hemisphere - Between 10 degrees and 55 degrees North East Asia 1/4th of world’s population Distribution Region includes: Border to Pacific Ocean Eastern China Japan Korean Pensinsula Taiwan 5/6ths live in People’s Republic of China Clustered near Pacific Ocean Japan and South Korea • 40% live in 3 larges Metro areas : • Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul • Only 3% land area South Asia 1/4th world’s population Region includes: India • Contains 3/4th of South Asia Pop. Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka Largest concentration of people in 1,500 mile corridor from Lahore, Pakistan to the Bay of Bengal Indus/ Ganges River plains Also coastline •Most are farmers, live in rural areas •Region contains 18 urban areas •Only 1/4th urban population •Two physical barriers: • Himalayas • Taklimakan Desert confine the growing population. •There is more pressure on the land in this region due to high densities! Southeast Asia 600 million people Mainly islands -including Java (4th most populous) - 100 million people High Percentage of people live in rural areas along river valleys and deltas. Europe 1/9th the world’s population Four dozen countries 3/4th live in cities or metro areas Monaco to Russia Less than 10 % farmers Dense network of roads/ rail lines Highest population near industry Coalfields Other Population Clusters Western Hemisphere Northeastern U.S. + Southeastern Canada 2% of world’s population Mainly urban West Africa South-facing Atlantic coast ½ of population concentration in Nigeria • Africa’s most pop. Nation Work in agriculture • 5 urban areas Sparsely Populated Regions Ecumene portion of the earth’s surface occupied by permanent settlement Areas once considered too harsh to live has diminished and ecumene increased 7,000 years ago population clustered in River Valleys 500 years ago North America outside of ecumene Ecumene today 3/4ths world population lives on only 5% of earth’s surface • Oceans 71% Dry Lands 20% of earth’s surface too dry for farming Largest desert region: • North Africa to Southwest and Central Asia • Sahara, Arabian, Thar, Takla Makan, and Gobi Not enough water to sustain a population/ crops BUT: Adaption = camels Irrigation systems Natural resources • oil Wetlands Located primarily near equator Between 20 degrees North and South latitude Rainfall averages more than 50 inches per year Most receive 90 inches + Combination of heat and rain rapidly depletes soil of nutrients Seasonally rainfall = more agriculture Cold and High Lands Cold Lands Near North and South poles Massive ice coverage Less precipitation but snow/ice piles up over time Unsuitable for crops/ humans/ animals High Lands High elevations Usually steep, snow-covered Example: Switzerland • ½ of land above sea level • Only 5% live there Exceptions: • Latin America • Mexico City • Africa Population Density Definition: Several ways to determine Population Density A numerical measure of the relationship between the number of people and some other unit expressed as a ratio Arithmetic (Crude) Physiological/ Agricultural Helps geographers describe distribution of people in comparison to available resources. Arithmetic Density Definition enables geographers to compare # of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world One dimensional Total # of objects in an area Total # of people divided by total land area • Example: United States • 310 million people / 3.7 million square miles = • 84 people per square mile • Example: Bangladesh = 1,127 ppsm used to compare conditions in different countries Tells us very little for about the variations in the relationship between people and land Problems with Arithmetic Density Arithmetic Density does not always accurately portray population distribution. Example: Egypt had a population of 73.3 million in 2004, and an arithmetic density of 190 per square mile. However, 98% of the population lives on only 3% of the land making the density meaningless. Physiological Density Definition: # of people per area of arable of land in a region • Example: United States • Physio density of 175 ppsm of arable land • Example: Egypt • Physio density of 2,296 ppsm the higher the physio density, the greater the pressure that people may place on the land to produce enough food insight to the relationship between size of population and availability of resources in a region Agricultural Density Definition: ratio of farmers to the amount of arable land Measures economic differences MDC’s/ Core nations have LOW agricultural density because of technology. Putting Agricultural and Physiological densities together allows you to look at the relationship between population and resources Example: Netherlands vs. Bangladesh • Both have high physiological densities • Dutch have low agricultural density • What does this mean? • both put pressure on land but Dutch utlizes less famers Population Composition Another way to explore population patterns of distribution Addresses challenges Looks at subgroups: # of males/ females # senior citizens/ children # active in workforce/ not active Baby booms Aging population Women of childbearing age Understanding population composition not only tells us about future demographics of regions but also is useful for the present Geodemographic analysis Definition: assessing the location and composition of particular populations