Transcript Wireless Technologies for Rural Access - ITU

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Workshop on
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Access to Broadband
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“Universal Service Opportunities and Challenges”
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Sharm ElSheikh - Egypt
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Wireless Technologies
For Rural Access
Tarek M. Abd Ellatif
NTRA - Egypt
Contents
Introduction
Wireless Technologies
• Standardized Technologies
• Proprietary Technologies
Case Study
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Introduction
According to “Final Report FG 7: New technologies
for rural applications”, more than 2.5 billion people –
over 40% of the planet’s population – live in rural and
remote areas of developing countries.
Of the small fraction that has any access to
telecommunications, radio broadcasts and voice
telephony have traditionally been the main services
provided.
Today, a wide variety of new telecommunication
applications such as e-mail, e-commerce, teleeducation, tele-health, and telemedicine, has made
access to interactive multimedia services as important
for rural and remote communities as voice connectivity.
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Introduction
As highlighted in the ITU World Telecommunications
Development Report 2003, Access Indicators for the
Information, by providing Internet and broadband
access at public institutions and private businesses,
countries can leverage their per capita Internet
penetration to allow a much greater level of Internet
Universal Access.
The same report also points out that public Internet
access through schools, workplaces, government
offices, and Internet Cafes is the main form of access
in developing countries, since few families have PCs
and Internet access at home.
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Introduction
Today Internet access becomes as essential
as telephony
Telecommunications is a key enabler of
economic and social development of a nation
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) is used to
provide broadband services to suburban and
remote users (Voice, Data, High speed
Internet).
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Contents:
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 Introduction
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 Wireless Technologies
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 Standardized Technologies
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 Proprietary Technologies
Wireless Technologies For Rural Access
 Case Study
Wireless Technologies
Advantages
•
•
•
•
•
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Fast and easy network deployment
Scalable
Easier to Adapt to Changing Market Conditions
Lower Cost of Deployment
Lower Cost of Network Maintenance,
Management, and Operating Costs
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Market Positioning
Technology positioning - Capacity
User Data Rate
50 Mbps
20 Mbps
10 Mbps
5 Mbps
2 Mbps
500 kbps
128 kbps
56 kbps
Residential SOHO
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Multitenant
3G / WLAN
Small
HS
Small
Medium Building
Business
Business
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3G / WLAN
Large
Cellular Large HS
Business
Backhaul
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Technology positioning
Bandwidth vs Mobility
Mobility
Fixed
Walk
Vehicle
High Speed
Mobile Networks (GSM, UMTS, HSPDA, …)
Vehicular
Rural
Vehicular
Urban
BB Wireless (WiMAX 802.16d, 802.16e, …)
Pedestrian
Fixed Networks (xDSL, …)
Nomadic
Fixed urban
Personal
Area
0,01
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0,1
1
10
100
Bandwidth
(Mb/s)
Voice
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Standardized Vs Proprietary
Pre-Standard:
Post-Standard:
• Proprietary, vertical solutions
• No volume silicon market
• Equipment interoperability
• Economies of scale
• Superior price/performance
Service Providers
Service Providers
Equipment Mfrs Focus
System Integrator
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Network Software
System Design &
Architecture
Network Mgmt Software
Supplier
Equipment
Manufacturers
Custom MAC
Equipment
Mfrs Focus*
System Integration
Volume Integrated
MAC/PHY Silicon
Solutions
Custom, 802.11 or
DOCSIS PHY
Volume Radio Supplier
Custom Radio
* Varies by equipment mfr. Some will still do their own S/W and SI.
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Introduction
Key drivers of the proper technology choice:
• Topographies of the rural area
• Type of Inhabitants
− Residential or industrial/Business
− Low, medium or high income users
• System Requirements
−
−
−
−
Capacity
Range
QoS/reliability
Data requirements
− Frequency band
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Introduction
• Competition with others
• Regulatory Obligations
• Operating parameters
−Population density of services area
−Level of penetration
−Services offered
−Connection cost per line
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Standardized Technologies
Fixed GSM
WiFi (Wireless Fidelity)
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access)
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)
LMDS / MMDS
(Local Multi-point Distribution Service / Multi-channel Multi-point
Distribution Service)
WLL DECT (Wireless Local Loop – Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telephony)
WLL CDMA (Wireless Local Loop – Code division multiple
access)
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Fixed GSM (1)
Do not replace existing networks
A good alternative to Copper plan installation for rural
and sub-urban areas as a Wireless Local Loop solution
Excellent Voice Quality, Circuit data Services at 9.6
Kbps (can reach 64 Kbps with HSCSD upgrade) and
Packet Data Services at 160 Kbps (can reach 384
Kbps with EDGE upgrade)
Less costly than wired when subscribers are spread
Quick deployment and easy installation
The fixed GSM solution is capable of evolving to a full
mobile solution when the operator will get a mobile
license
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Fixed GSM (2)
Normally, The overall average price for copper
loops may range from $800 to $1,000 per
subscriber on the low end, up to an average of
$1,200 to $1,500
In rural areas, it is expected to see the cost per
subscriber in the $3,000 - $5,000 range, or even
higher
The averaged price of fixed GSM solution in
developing countries is between $250 to $500
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Fixed GSM (3)
Solution Description:
− The phones are fixed on a wall with an external
antenna and is connected to a local AC power
supply. This is less economical than a standard
GSM handset
− There is a possibility to connect several devices
onto such GSM fixed socket (PC, FAX, normal
POTS telephone, answering machine or small
PABX)
− These phones are compliant with fixed license
terms. (behave like ordinary wireline phone)
i.e. no SEND key
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Fixed GSM phone
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Fixed GSM (4)
Types of the service
• Incumbent Fixed Operator deploying a fixed
GSM network
Local
Exchange
BSC
HLR
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BTS
MSC
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Fixed GSM (5)
• Mobile operator starting to provide fixed GSM
services
− very limited investments (as the infrastructure is
shared)
− Increase revenues by doing attractive
fixed/mobile rates or a single prepaid solution
(public phones and mobile prepaid)
HLR
MSC
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BS
C
BTS
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Fixed GSM (6)
• Restricted Mobility
− The user can move inside one cell or a limited number of
cells (generally from 1 to 6)
− It can be enhanced to a Location Area (from 10 to 50 Cells)
− There is no impact on the BSS, only the MSC and HLR
software have to be changed in limiting the mobility
capability of the VLR
Signal
Detected
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
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BSC
BTS
MSC- Egypt
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WiFi (1)
Stands for “Wireless Fidelity”.
WiFi is a WLAN topology, used to connect, wirelessly,
CPEs (for example: Laptops, PDAs, ...., etc) with LANs
and the internet.
Data rates:
• IEEE 802.11b :
• IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11a :
1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbps
up to 54 Mbps
Coverage:
• Open area :
• Semi-open area :
• Closed area :
~300 m (600 ft).
~115 m (375 ft.).
~50 m (166 ft).
Costs:
• CPE :
• AP:
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~ 30 $
~ 100 $
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WiFi (2)
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11c
IEEE 802.11d
IEEE 802.11e
IEEE 802.11f
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE 802.11h
IEEE 802.11i
IEEE 802.11j
IEEE 802.11k
IEEE 802.11n
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5 GHz – up to 54 Mbps
2.4 GHz – up to 11 Mbps
Bridge operation procedures
Global Harmonization in the 5-GHz
QoS
Inter-Access Point Protocol
2.4 GHz – up to 54 Mbps
Spectrum and Transmit Power Management
extensions in the 5 GHz Band in Europe
Security and Authentication
4.9 GHz - 5 GHz Operation in Japan
Radio Resource Measurement of WLANs
Enhancements for Higher Throughput
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WiMAX (1)
MAN protocol
The wireless alternative to DSLs and E1/T1 cable
systems
Provides Last Mile service as well as providing
Backhaul to WiFi hotspots
Supports low latency applications (VoIP, Video)
LOS / NLOS capabilities
High spectral Efficiency (> 3.75 bps/Hz) to support
100’s ~ 1000’s of subscribers per base station
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WiMAX (2)
WiMAX Forum:
A non-profit organization comprised of
• Broadband wireless access equipment manufacturers
• Component suppliers (silicon, RF, antenna, software, test
services)
• Service providers (carriers, wireless ISPs)
Ensure interoperability of IEEE 802.16 and
other interoperable (ETSI HiperMAN) systems
• Equivalent in purpose to Wi-Fi Alliance for 802.11
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WiMAX (3)
802.16
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802.16-2004
802.16e
Completed
December 2001
3Q 2004 – (802.16 +
802.16a + 802.16RevD)
Expected 2005 / 7
Spectrum
10 - 66 GHz
< 11 GHz
< 6 GHz
Channel
Conditions
LoS
NLoS
NLoS
Bit Rate
32 – 134 Mbps in
28MHz channel
bandwidth
Up to 75 Mbps in
20MHz channel
bandwidth
Up to 15 Mbps in 5MHz
channel bandwidth
Modulation
QPSK, 16QAM and
64QAM
OFDM 256 sub-carriers
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Same as 802.16RevD
Mobility
Fixed
Fixed, Portable
Nomadic Mobility
Channel
Bandwidths
20, 25 and 28 MHz
Scalable
1.5 to 20 MHz
Same as 802.16RevD
with UL sub-channels
Typical Cell
Radius
2-5 km
7 to 10 km
Max range 50 km
2-5 km
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WiMAX Vision
PMP
802.16e
802.16REVd
Wi-Fi
Mobile/
Portable
Broadband
High Throughput
Access: Business,
Backhaul & some
Residential
NLS
802.16REVd
Hotspot
Backhaul
802.16REVd
Wi-Fi
Consumer
Broadband
Access
15 - 20 Km
100 mtr
Wi-Fi*
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WiMAX (5)
Primary Bands for 2006 Deployments
Licensed
2.3, 2.5, 3.3, 3.5 GHz
Unlicensed 5.8 GHz
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WiMAX Generations (6)
WiMAX three generations:
• The first generation:
− Certified CPEs will be outdoor-installable.
− Expected to be available in 2005 and priced around $350.
• The second generation:
− CPEs will be indoor-installable modems.
− Will be priced around $250 and are expected to be
available in the late 2005/early 2006 timeframe.
• The third-generation:
− CPEs will be portable modems.
− Expected to cost approximately $100 and be available in
the 2006-2007 timeframe.
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WiFi Vs WiMAX (7)
IEEE 802.11
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IEEE 802.16
Range
-Optimized for users within a 100 m
radius.
-Add APs or high gain antenna to
extend range
-Optimized for typical cell radius 710 Km
-Up to 50 Km
Coverage
-Optimized for indoor environments
-Optimized for outdoor
environments.
-Support advanced antenna
techniques and mesh topologies
Channelization
Fixed channel BW of 20 MHz
Flexible Channel BW from 1.5 MHz
to 21 MHz
Bit rate
-Max. Spectral efficiency : 2.7 bps
/Hz
(at 54 Mbps in 20 MHz)
-Max. Spectral efficiency : 3.8 bps
/Hz (75 Mbps in 20 MHz)
-Max. Spectral efficiency : 5 bps /Hz
(100 Mbps in 20 MHz)
QoS
-Basically, no support for QoS.
-802.11e will support QoS.
QoS designed for voice/video
differentiated services
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LMDS / MMDS (1)
LMDS
• “Local Multipoint Distribution Service”
• A fixed broadband LoS, PMP microwave system, used in 24-40 GHz
range
• Transmit Voice, Video and Data Signals within 5 Miles in Diameter
• Used to provide high speed bridge to fiber infrastructure, particularly
in metropolitan area networks
• Broadband services to large & medium enterprises
MMDS
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• “Multi-channel Multi-point Distribution Service”
• Used in 2-10 GHz range (mainly in the sub 2GHz)
• Larger range, less powerful signal and cheaper than LMDS
Historically known as “Wireless cable”, as it has been used as a oneway, analog wireless cable TV broadcast
• Broadband services to residential, SOHOs, and small businesses
where DSL orNational
cable
are not available
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LMDS / MMDS (2)
LMDS
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MMDS
Standard
IEEE 802.16.1
IEEE 802.16.3
Frequency Range
10-42 GHz
2.5-2.7 GHz,
3.4-3.7 GHz
Data Rates
Typically up to
45Mbps
0.5 -3 Mbps
Coverage
5 Km
35Km
Bandwidth
Allocation Method
IP, ATM
IP, ATM
CPE cost
High
Low- Medium
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VSAT (1)
VSATs are playing a growing role in the provision of telephony,
distance education and data services in remote areas.
VSATs are being deployed in areas where terrestrial
telecommunication infrastructure is either uneconomical or too
difficult to install.
Prices for VSATs have fallen rapidly over the past decade.
• In the early 1990s, prices typically ranged from USD 10,000-USD 12,000
per VSAT.
• As of the year 2000, entry-level VSAT telephony stations typically start at
USD 3500-USD 4000,
• Presently, Prices can range anywhere between USD 2,000 and USD 8,000,
depending on the volume purchased and added features.
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VSAT (2)
Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) refers to a small fixed earth
station.
VSATs provide the vital communication link required to set up a
satellite based communication network.
VSATs can support any communication requirement be it voice,
data, or video conferencing.
The VSAT comprises of two modules:
•
•
an outdoor unit
an indoor unit.
The outdoor unit consists of an Antenna and Radio Frequency
Transceiver. (RFT). The antenna size is typically 1.8 metre or 2.4
metre in diameter, although smaller antennas are also in use.
The indoor unit functions as a modem and also interfaces with the
end user equipment like stand alone PCs, LANs, Telephones or
an EPABX.
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VSAT (3)
VSAT networks come in various shapes
and sizes ranging from point-to-point,
point-to-multipoint
Star
Mesh
Mesh systems
have traditionally been
Topology
Topology
somewhat smaller in size than star
systems
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WLL DECT (1)
WLL is a system that connects
subscribers to PSTN using radio signals
instead of copper
DECT: Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telephony
Frequencies bands:
• 1.88Ghz to 1.9Ghz
• 1.9Ghz to 1.92Ghz
• 1.92Ghz to 1.93Ghz
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WLL DECT (2)
Frequency Band : 10 carriers between 1.8 GHz
and 1.9 GHz
Access Method : TDMA & FDMA
Duplexing Scheme : TDD
Modulation: GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift
Keying)
Coverage : Up to 10 Km
Subscribers per system : up to 1536
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WLL CDMA
The same concept as the other WLL networks
CDMA benefits:
• In a fixed telephony environment, CDMA is estimated to
provide 15-20 times more capacity than its competitors.
• Single frequency reuse.
• Requires no contiguous bandwidth
• Allows variable rate vocodores, robust error correction
and diversity in frequency, space and time.
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WLL CDMA system
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WLL gateway switching system that connects the radio system to the
PSTN,
Radio Port Controller (RPC), which provides concentration and control
functions to a number of base stations called the Radio Port (RP),
Radio Interface Unit (RIU), which are the fixed units attached to the
residential or commercial buildings.
Radio Port Operation And Maintenance (RPOM) unit, which is
responsible for maintaining and managing the radio network elements,
Inter-working Function (IWF) unit, which is used as a gateway to data
services such as the Internet and the public switched packet data network
(PSPDN).
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Proprietary Technologies
Characteristics of proprietary solutions:
• Flexible according to the case, and to the application .
• A large variety of solutions that depends on different
technologies.
• May be better than the standardized solutions in some
cases.
• Vertically Integration
• More Expensive
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Contents:
10101010101011101001010101010101010101100111010100010101011000101101010
 Introduction
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 Wireless Technologies
10101010101011101001010101010101010101100111010100010101011000101101010
 Standardized Technologies
10101010101011101001010101010101010101100111010100010101011000101101010
 Proprietary Technologies
Wireless Technologies For Rural Access
 Case Study
Case Study
Egypt
• WLL CDMA
• WiMAX (Pilot project)
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WLL CDMA
in Egypt
Benefits of WLL projects
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• provide the basic telephony services, as well as
Internet services to increase community
development.
• Increase community development.
• Support small business services.
• Emergency support
• Allow E-government and E- health. (In Future
Plan)
• Allow E-education and E-entertainment. (In
Future Plan)
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WLL CDMA
in Egypt
Brief description of the Egyptian rural
areas and villages
• For Egypt, villages are either allocated in a
scattered way within certain area or allocated
cascaded along certain road or along the Nile
River.
• The climate is extremely hot and moist.
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WLL CDMA
in Egypt
System Architecture
•
•
OMC
NSS
− MSC/VLR/SSP: Mobile Switching
Center/Visitor Location Register /
Service Switching Point.
− HLR/AUC: Home Location
Register/Authentication Center.
− SC/VM: Short Message Service
Center/Voice Mailbox.
− SCP : Service Control Point.
− PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node.
− FA: Foreign Agent.
− HA: Home Agent.
− AAA: Authentication Accounting
Authorization.
•
BSS
− 7BTS: Base Transceiver Station
− BSC : Base Station Controller
− PCF: Packet Control Function
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WLL CDMA
in Egypt
Hauwei & ZTE Corporation provide full series of CDMA
products for total network solutions including CDMA
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS), CDMA Base
Station Subsystem(BSS) and CDMA Mobile Terminals.
The total capacity of the system is 100,000 lines,
distributed on 65 BTSs
The range of the radio frequency band is 824- 849 and
869- 894 MHZ
For the microwave links, these frequencies are in the
range of 15 & 18 GHz
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WLL CDMA
in Egypt
In this project, the pre-existing telecommunication facilities are
used as much as possible, the existing transmission media as
fiber ring, and microwave links are used.
For economical purposes, most of the base transceiver stations
(BTSs) are located and implemented above the existing local
exchanges, these BTSs are powered form main existing AC power
of the local exchanges and are connected to the Base station
controller (BSC) through the existing fiber transmission ring. Of
course the equipment located in the local exchanges are secured.
But for the coverage purpose, some BTSs are located apart from
the local exchanges, with distances ranges from 20 to 100 Km, the
places are chosen to fulfill the AC power requirement and security
procedures. The links between theses BTSs (located apart from
the local exchanges) are new microwave links.
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WLL CDMA
in Egypt
Currently provided services
• For voice service, TE guarantees an acceptable
grade of services (GoS) of 1%.
• For data service, TE guarantees a data rate of
153.6 Kbps
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WLL CDMA
in Egypt
System cost
• The service is uniformly distributed and so, the
line cost is approximately fixed, about 180 $.
• The cost of Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) used
for CDMA-WLL system is about 100 $.
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WiMAX Pilot Project
in Egypt (1)
Project Highlights
• Depends on Pre-WiMAX equipments
• Project on two phases:
− First phase
Smart Village (five buildings incl. MCIT and NTRA)
− Second phase
Connecting SV with other 1 or 2 opt. locations (one of them is the
MCIT building in Mohandessen)
• # of BS: 2
&
• Each SS supports 8 Mb/s
• Duplexing Scheme: FDD
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# of SS: 7
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WiMAX Pilot Project
in Egypt (2)
SDH RING
Telecom Egypt
Exchange
Internet Gateway
34 Mbps
Over Fiber
12 m
10/100
Ethernet
Router
B5Incubators
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B4NTRA
B2Training
65 m
13.5 m
9m
140 m
B1MCIT
B3CultNat
150 m
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13.5 m
12.5 m
135 m
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Saturday 5
ً‫شكرا‬
Thank you
Merci
March, 2005
National Telecom Regulatory Authority - Egypt
50