Transcript Internet - SSUET COMPUTER SCIENCE

1st Semester, Batch 2014
CS-114: Introduction to Computer Science
LECTURE-3
THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE
WEB
THE INTERNET
Network of Networks is called Internet.
 The Internet, also called the Net, is a
worldwide collection of networks that links
millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals.
 Each of the networks on the Internet provides
resources that add to the abundance of
goods, services, and information accessible
via the Internet.
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EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET
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Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA), an agency of the U.S.Department of
Defense. ARPA’s goal was to build a network that
(1) allowed scientists at different physical locations
to share information and work together on military
and scientific projects and (2) could function even if
part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a
disaster such as a nuclear attack.
That network, called ARPANET, became functional
in September 1969, linking scientific and academic
researchers across the United States.
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By 1984, ARPANET had more than 1,000
individual computers linked as hosts. Today, more
than 550 million hosts connect to the Internet.
INTERNET 2
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Internet2 is a not-for-profit research and
development project that connects more than 200
universities and 115 companies via a high-speed
private network. Founded in 1996, the goal of
Internet2, is to develop and test advanced network
technologies that will benefit Internet users in the
short-term future.
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CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET
With broadband Internet service, your
computer or mobile device usually is
connected to the Internet the entire time it is
powered on. Examples of broadband Internet
service include cable, DSL, fiber, radio
signals, and satellite.
 Dial-up connections takes place when the
modem in your computer connects to the
Internet via a standard telephone line that
transmits data and information using an
analog (continuous wave pattern) signal.
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Examples of Broadband Internet
Cable Internet service provides high-speed Internet
access through the cable television network via a
cable modem.
 DSL (digital subscriber line) provides high-speed
Internet connections using regular copper
telephone lines.
 Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) uses fiber-optic cable
to provide high-speed Internet access to home
and business users.
 Fixed wireless provides high-speed Internet
connections using a dish-shaped antenna on your
house or business to communicate with a tower
location via radio signals.
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A cellular radio network offers high-speed Internet
connections to devices with built-in compatible
technology or computers with wireless modems.
 A Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) network uses
radio signals to provide high-speed Internet
connections to compatible or properly equipped
wireless computers and devices.
 Satellite Internet service provides high-speed
Internet connections via satellite to a satellite dish
that communicates with a satellite modem.
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Access Providers
Internet access providers offer services such
as news, weather, financial data, games, travel
guides-mail, photo communities, and online
storage to hold digital photos and other files. (A
file is a named unit of storage.)
Access providers are categorized as
 Regional or National ISPs,
 Online service providers.
 Wireless Internet service providers
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A regional ISP usually provides Internet
access to a specific geographic area.
 A national ISP is a business that provides
Internet access in cities and towns nationwide. For
dial-up access, some national ISPs provide both
local and toll-free telephone numbers.
 online service provider (OSP) also has many
members-only features such as instant messaging
or their own customized version of a Web browser.
The two more popular OSPs are :
 AOL (America Online) and MSN
 (Microsoft Network).
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A wireless Internet service provider,
sometimes called a wireless data provider, is
a company that provides wireless Internet
access to desktop and notebook computers
and mobile devices, such as smart phones
and portable media players, with built-in
wireless capability (such as Wi-Fi)
 Some examples of wireless Internet service
providers include PTCL, Instanet, Qubee,
Sprint Broadband Direct, T-Mobile, etc
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Internet Addresses
An IP address, short for Internet Protocol
address, is a number that uniquely identifies
each computer or device connected to the
Internet.
 The IP address usually consists of four groups
of numbers, each separated by a period. The
number in each group is between 0 and 255.
For example, the numbers 72.14.207.99 are an
IP address. In general, the first portion of each
IP address identifies the network and the last
portion identifies the specific computer.
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A domain name is the text version of an IP
address. The text in the domain name up to
the first period identifies the type of Internet
server. For example :
72.14.207.99
www.google.com
 In this www indicates a Web server, com
represents top-level domain and these allnumeric IP addresses are difficult to
remember and use. Thus, the Internet
supports the use of a text name that
represents one or more IP addresses.
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Examples of Generic Top-Level Domains Generic TLD Intended Purpose
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aero Aviation community members
biz Businesses of all sizes
cat Catalan cultural community
Com Commercial organizations, businesses, and companies
Coop Business cooperatives such as credit unions and rural
electric co-ops
Edu Educational institutions
Gov Government agencies
info Business organizations or individuals providing general
information
jobs Employment or human resource businesses
mil
Military organizations
Mobi Delivery and management of mobile Internet services
Mus Accredited museums
Name Individuals or families
Net
Network providers or commercial companies
org
Nonprofit organizations
END