Transcript IT113 Structured Cabling

Unit 2
Key Concept 1: Telecommunication Services
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Course Objectives Covered by this Unit
• Contrast telecommunications services.
System terminals
Photo courtesy of Corning Cable Systems
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Unit Learning Outcomes
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Describe cable TV systems.
Compare the various service provider types.
Identify the different telecommunication services offered today.
Explain the importance and necessity of cloud computing.
Compare service provider types.
Describe telecommunication services and their value.
Compare the similarities and differences between cloud
vendors.
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Keywords
Use the following keywords or keyword phrases to search for
additional materials to support your work:
Broadcast TV
Community Antenna Television (CATV)
RBOCS
ILEC
CLEC
MSO
ISP
Cloud Computing
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Exploring Cable TV and Internet Systems
• The global telecommunications system
is made up of many subsystems such
as:
• Fixed-line telephone systems
• Cable TV systems
• Internet systems
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Broadcast TV
• Prior to the 1950s, information was primarily delivered over fixed
lines or radio broadcasts.
• Toward the end of the 1940s and during the 1950s, the
television broadcast infrastructure began to develop.
• During that time, the primary method employed to deliver TV
broadcasts to consumers was radio waves.
• One critical limitation in the TV broadcast system is range.
• One solution to this problem is community antenna television
(CATV), more commonly known as cable TV.
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Community Antenna Television
• The early generations of CATV may have simply consisted of an
antenna placed on the highest point, such as a hilltop.
• As CATV systems matured, amplifiers were added to boost the
signal strength on the copper cable, allowing consumers further
from the antenna access to the broadcast.
• Over the decades, this system has evolved into a complex
combination of cabling and electronics.
• A typical cable TV system may use a combination of copper
cabling, fiber-optic cabling, and wireless technology to bring
programming to the consumer.
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Headend
• In a cable TV system, headend
refers to the main building or
facility that contains the receiving
antennas.
• These antennas may receive a
combination of broadcasts ranging
from local TV stations to premium
cable providers.
• At the headend, these signals are
combined or multiplexed for
transmission over a single cable,
typically referred to as the trunk
cable.
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Trunk Cables
• The trunk cables are the main
output cables from the
headend.
• Depending on the type of
network, trunk cables may be:
• Copper coaxial cable
• Fiber-optic cable
• There are typically several
trunk cables leaving the
headend.
• Each of these trunk cables
will provide TV access to a
specific location or
neighborhood.
Fiber optic trunk cables
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Feeder Cables
• Depending on the network
design, the feeder cables
may terminate at a network
access point or a local
convergence point.
• If the feeder cables terminate
at a local convergence point,
the signals will be split again
and travel through distribution
cables to the network access
point.
Local convergence cabinet
Photo courtesy of Corning Cable Systems
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Drop Cables
• A drop cable runs from a
network access point to the
residence or building and
terminates at the network
interface device.
• Copper coaxial drop cables
are typically terminated in the
field.
• Fiber-optic drop cables are
typically terminated in the
factory.
Copper and fiber optic drop cables
Photo courtesy of Corning Cable Systems
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Network Access Point
• The network access point
(NAP) is located close to the
homes or buildings it services.
• The NAP is a terminal that
serves as a connection point
for drop cables. It may be
installed in an aerial installation, in a pedestal, or in a
hand hole.
System terminal serves as a NAP
Photo courtesy of KITCO Fiber Optics
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Network Interface Device
• The drop cable runs from the
NAP to the network interface
device (NID).
• The NID is typically mounted to
the outside of the house or
building.
• It is an all-plastic enclosure
designed to house the electronics
that support the network.
• The electronics in the NID will
interface with existing cabling for
television, telephone, and
Internet connectivity.
NID, Photo courtesy of Corning Cable Systems
NID, Photo courtesy of KITCO Fiber Optics
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Additional Services
• Cable TV providers make a considerable investment in their
cable TV systems, and they are always looking for ways to
achieve a better return on their investment.
• These systems are capable of delivering extensive information
to the consumer.
• Cable TV providers offering Internet connectivity typically offer a
variety of download rates.
• Email is another service typically offered by the cable TV
provider.
• The cable TV provider may offer free virus scanning software.
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Telecommunications Services
• Historically, the main service provider was the telephone
company, which offered plain old telephone service (POTS)
using fixed telephone lines to your home.
• Today, there are a multitude of service provider types and
service choices offered to consumers.
• Many service providers offer:
• Telephone service
• Mobile (wireless) telephony
• Internet
• TV
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Understanding Service Provider Types
• There are various types of service providers that fit mainly into
two categories:
• Your standard telecommunications provider—for example:
• Verizon
• AT&T
• Cable TV companies—for example:
• Comcast
• Time Warner
• Charter Communications
• Cox Communications
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RBOCs
• RBOC refers to a regional Bell operating company.
• In 1982, the U.S. government filed a suit against AT&T, which
was considered a monopoly at the time.
• As a result, AT&T divested its local exchange carriers into
seven “baby Bells,” or RBOCs, in 1984:
• Ameritech
• Bell Atlantic
• Bell South
• NYNEX
• Pacific Telesis
• Southwestern Bell
• US West
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ILECs, CLECs, and Unbundling
• Local exchange carriers (LECs) are divided into incumbent
LECs (ILECs) and competitive LECs (CLECs).
• These carriers use the PSTN (public switched telephone
network) system for accessing consumers.
• Unbundling the network helped to create the ability for CLECs to
compete with ILECs.
• This is referred to as local-loop unbundling (LLU or LLUB).
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MSOs
• An MSO is a multiple system operator, operating multiple cable
TV systems.
• MSOs are what we recognize as the cable TV company (CATV).
• Cable TV companies offer television service to consumers using
radio frequency over HFC (hybrid fiber copper) and RFoG (radio
frequency over glass) networks.
• Well-known MSOs in the United States are:
• Time Warner Cable
• Cablevision
• Comcast
• Charter Communications
• Cox Communications
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ISPs
• An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides
access to the Internet.
• An access ISP connects a consumer to the Internet using
copper or fiber-optic cables, or through a wireless connection.
• For homeowners, the Internet is accessed using:
• Broadband and WiFi wireless access
• Dialup (ISDN, modem)
• DSL
• FTTH
• Cable services
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Understanding Services
• The main services offered by telecommunications service
providers are
• Telephone
• Television
• High-speed Internet
• Wireless telephone
• Broadband service
• Data storage.
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Basic Services and Service Providers
• In the “old days,” POTS using fixed telephone lines to your home
was the main telecommunications service provided by
telecommunications operators.
• Internet, and TV are becoming a greater source of revenue for
these operators.
• Telecommunications is becoming less about voice and more
about data and video.
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Triple-Play
• High-speed Internet access is a key service offered to
consumers.
• Commonly referred to as a “data package,” high-speed Internet
allows access to the Internet, or World Wide Web.
• Telephone service, is either provided using the traditional POTS
method by telecommunications providers or through the Internet
system using VOIP (voice over IP).
• Video service is basically TV programming and video-ondemand.
• Data is basically the Internet service that offers you email and
Web access through the service provider network.
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Wireless
• As the name clearly implies, a wireless network is a computer or
telephone connected to the telecommunications system without
using a fixed, physical cable connection.
• Wireless telecommunication, or the use of mobile, or cell,
phones, has become a necessity of life.
• Mobile phones are connected to the telephone network through
cell sites.
• A common misconception is that mobile phones use satellites to
send the voice signal over long distances.
• Mobile telephony is one of the largest drivers for increased
investment in terrestrial cabling systems.
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Cloud Computing
• In the global telecommunications system, cloud
computing is a way to increase the capabilities
of a device or add new capabilities or services
without making any hardware changes to the
device.
• Some of the key cloud computing services
being offered today address data storage.
• Easy access to the Internet is allowing virtually
every user to take advantage of cloud
computing.
• Through cloud computing, a handheld device,
such as a tablet computer, can access the
Internet, check email, purchase concert tickets,
or monitor a webcam on another continent.
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Data Access and Storage
• Data access and storage is offered as a cloud computing service
mostly to medium and large businesses.
• Data storage services store data on virtual servers hosted by
third parties, instead of the data being stored locally in the data
center of a particular business.
• There are some pros and cons to using cloud computing for data
storage needs.
• Pros: Companies only pay for the storage space that they
use instead of having a lot of unused data-storage
overhead.
• Cons:
• Security of the stored data
• Speed of accessing the data
• Availability of the data
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Computation
• Cloud computing is not a wholly new concept; it has been in use
since mainframe computers and remote terminals were
developed.
• Today cloud computing performs many computation functions.
• One typical use of cloud computing for data access/storage,
computation, and software is a web-based timesheet.
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Software
• Cloud computing allows many different users the ability to
access various types of software without having to load the
software on their computer.
• One major advantage to this is eliminating the need and cost for
a licensed copy of the software.
• The use of a web-accessed database is one example of a cloud
computing software application.
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Summary
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Describe cable TV systems.
Compare the various service provider types.
Identify the different telecommunication services offered today.
Explain the importance and necessity of cloud computing.
Compare service provider types.
Describe telecommunication services and their value.
Compare the similarities and differences between cloud
vendors.
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