Transcript Optical Cabling

Unit 4
Key Concept 1: Cables and Cabling Systems
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Horizontal Cables
◦ 568-C specifies 100 Ohm 4-pair UTP or 62.5/125
multimode fiber optic cable
◦ Connects patch panel to wall plate information
outlet (IO)
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Backbone Cables
◦ 568-C specifies 100 Ohm 4-pair UTP, 62.5/125
multi-mode or 8.3/125 single-mode optical cable
◦ Connects high speed network devices
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Patch Cords
◦ Should be factory made stranded UTP or FO
◦ Connects switch ports to patch panel or host to IO
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Wall Plates
◦ A plate that houses an IO and connects to a box in
the wall
◦ May be fixed or modular (pictured)
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Cabling Pathways
◦ Physical constructs to attach cables to in route
◦ Conduits and raceways enclose the cable
◦ Cable trays and caddies support the cable
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http://www.supplierlist.com/photo_images/17963/Fiber_Optic_Distribution_CaseRack_Mounted_ODFFib.jpg
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Fiber Protection Systems
◦ Designed to protect optical cable and preserve
appropriate bend radius
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

Now check out the animations from
chapter 5, Cabling System Components.
Refer to the Instructor’s Resource Section
in the Instructor Guide for Directions on
Downloading the Animations

Main link to the Animations:

http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=index&itemId=0470477075&bcsId=5638
Note: You must have an active Internet connection
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Cable Type
Common Application
UTP Cat 3
10Base-T, 4Mbps Token Ring
UTP Cat 4 (no 568-C)
16Mbps Token Ring
UTP Cat 5e
100Base-TX, 1000Base-T
UTP Cat 6
100Base-TX, 1000Base-T
UTP Cat 6A
100Base-TX, 1000Base-T, 10Gigagbit Ethernet
25 pair UTP Cat 5e
10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 1000Base-T
Shielded twisted pair
4 and 16Mbps Token Ring
Screened twisted pair
100Base-TX, 1000Base-T, 10Gigagbit Ethernet
Coax RG-58
Thinnet (10Base2)
Coax RG-59
CATV
Coax RG-6/U
CATV, HDTV, satellite, cable modem
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UTP
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Four Pairs of Copper Cable
Number of twists varies per inch
No shielding
Very easy to work with 100
Ohm, 24AWG
◦ Solid for horizontal and stranded
for patch cable
◦ Most susceptible to
Electromagnetic Interference
(EMI)
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Cat 5e
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Cat 6
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Defined in 1999
100 MHz bandwidth
Defined in 2002
250 MHz bandwidth
Cat 6A
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Defined in 2008
500 MHz bandwidth
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RG-58C/U
 50 ohm/20AWG
 End of life
RG-59/U
 75 ohm/20AWG
 CATV
RG-6/U
 75 ohm/18AWG
 HDTV, satellite, cable modem
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
Why copper?
◦ High quality
◦ Well understood
◦ High speeds (upto 10G
Ethernet)
◦ Easy to work with
◦ Equipment supporting
copper is less expensive
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Why not?
◦ Susceptible to EMI and RFI
◦ Eavesdropping difficult to
detect
◦ Higher speeds available
on other media
◦ Copper is a precious
metal and cost will
increase as supply
diminishes
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
Best Practices for Installation
◦ Have a plan!
◦ Follow standards
◦ Do not exceed distance limits: horizontal max 90m and
patch cable max 5m at each end
◦ Be careful not to stretch cable when pulling – use
lubrication, if necessary
◦ Be careful to not exceed bend radius
◦ UTP should cross electrical cables at 90 degrees and
never run in parallel
◦ Properly support cables
◦ Keep the job neat: get referrals and easy servicing
◦ Test all circuits
◦ Document everything
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
Tone and Probe
◦ Tone generator applies
power to one end of a
cable
◦ Signal can be detected by
the amplifier probe when
in close proximity of the
wire
◦ Used to identify one cable
out of several
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
Wire-Map Testers
◦ Used to detect wiring
errors or broken cables
◦ Performs end to end
continuity test on each
wire
◦ Necessary to provide
cable certification
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
Test and certify four
common problems
◦ Length
◦ Wire-map
◦ NEXT & FEXT (crosstalk)
problems
◦ Attenuation
Can be completed with a
network analyzer like this
one. More on this in Unit
9, Chapter 15 from the
textbook.
http://www.triosmartcal.com.au/images/ideal_lantek_II.jpg
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Fiber is optimized for specific wavelengths
Multimode typically 850-1550nm
Single-mode typically 1310, 1490, or 1550nm
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As wavelength decreases, frequency increases
Lower wavelength means lower attenuation
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Advantages
◦
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Immunity to EMI
Immunity to RFI
Higher data rates
Longer distances
Better security
Disadvantages
◦ Not easy to work with
◦ Shortage of installers
◦ Fiber network equipment
substantially more
expensive
The FOA provides fiber optic
certifications…for more information
see http://www.thefoa.org/Certs.htm
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Single Mode step index glass
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Multimode graded index glass
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Very narrow refractive core
Very low attenuation allow high speed over long
distances
Larger reflective core supports more than one
simultaneous transmission
Easier to work with but higher attenuation
Multimode plastic
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Only extremely short distance data transmission
Used also in “Fiber Optic” decorations such as in
Christmas Trees
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Buffer
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Strength members
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Added to further protect the cable
Aramid yard (or Kevlar) may be used and require
special scissors to cut
Shield materials
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Tight (solid) used indoors
Loose (gel filled) used outdoors
Considered ‘armor’ (no EMI/RFI on fiber)
Cable Jacket
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Outer coating with markings to ID cable specs
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Core/cladding size
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Number of fibers
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8.3/125
50/125
62.5/125
Simplex
Duplex
Multifiber
LAN/WAN application
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ANSI/TIE/EIA 568-C recommends 62.5/125 duplex
tight multimode for interior spaces
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
Best Practices for Installation
◦
◦
◦
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◦
◦
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Have a plan!
Follow standards
Do not exceed distance limits
Fiber cores can enter the skin/eye and cause serious injury
– always use safety equipment
Fiber is particularly fragile
◦ Be careful not to stretch cable when pulling – use
lubrication, if necessary
◦ Be careful to not exceed bend radius
Fiber should always be used with fiber protection systems
to maintain bend radius
Properly support cables
Keep the job neat: get referrals and easy servicing
Test all communication paths and…
Document, document, document!!
Copyright 2012, ITT ESI
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

Now check out the animations from
chapter 8, Fiber-Optic Media.
Refer to the Instructor’s Resource Section
in the Instructor Guide for Directions on
Downloading the Animations

Main link to the Animations:

http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=index&itemId=0470477075&bcsId=5638
Note: You must have an active Internet connection
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
Performance factors
◦ Attenuation caused by
 Dirty fiber ends
 Excessive Gap between
fibers in a connection
 Poor connector installation
 Impurities in the fiber
 Excessive bending in cable
 Excessive stretching of
cable
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
Performance factors
◦ Acceptance angle and Modal dispersion
 Modal dispersion is like skew delay in copper and
originates on multimode fiber when two or more signals
are introduced at different angles. As the acceptance
angle increases so does modal dispersion
Modal
Dispersion
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
Performance factors
◦ Numerical aperture (NA)
 A value that describes how much light the fiber will
accept between 0 (no light) -1 (all light)
◦ Chromatic dispersion
 Due to limitations in laser technology, lasers do not
generate one pure wavelength of light but rather a
range. This contributes to signal loss
Chromatic
Dispersion
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
Test these performance
factors with a fiber optic
LAN analyzer
This Fluke Networks EtherScope
Series II Network Assistant LAN-SXI Fiber ITO cost about $9,400.00.
Copyright 2012, ITT ESI
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

Now check out the animations from
chapter 8, Fiber-Optic Media.
Refer to the Instructor’s Resource Section
in the Instructor Guide for Directions on
Downloading the Animations

Main link to the Animations:

http://bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?action=index&itemId=0470477075&bcsId=5638
Note: You must have an active Internet connection
Copyright 2012, ITT ESI
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Factor
Advantage Copper
Advantage Fiber
Cost of installation
Maximum data rates
Maximum distances
EMI/RFI exposure
Ease of installation
Best security
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Unit 4
Key Concept 2: Cable Tools
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
Physical Security
◦ Location should be secured by locks or pass card

Environmental Controls
◦ Temperature, humidity, and fire controls
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Power requirements
◦ Adequate power as well as power backup
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Square Footage
◦ More space, easier access, stable environment – allow 1
square foot per workstation, 150ft2 min. Example, for
300 workstations, telecommunication room should be
300ft2 minimum

Lighting
◦ Use low heat, diffusion based light throughout
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
Racks
◦ Wall mount
◦ Skeletal frame
◦ Cabinets
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Rack mount equipment
◦ Patch Panels
◦ Cable Management
◦ Shelving
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Complete rack
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Voice
◦ 66 block
◦ 110 block
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