Transcript Gladiator Startup 1.0

ECE 5221 Personal Communication Systems
Prepared by:
Dr. Ivica Kostanic
Lecture 22 – Basics of 3G - UMTS
Spring 2011
Florida Institute of technologies
Cellular networks of the third generation
 Why 3G?
o Phenomenal growth of 2G - lack of
capacity
 3G characteristics
o High capacity air interfaces (based on CDMA)
o Voice is becoming a commodity
service
o Designed to handle data services
o Inadequacy of 2G networks for
data services
o Tighter integration with existing landline data
networks

technically inadequate (available data
rates, data QoS guarantees, integration
with existing data networks, etc.)

operationally inadequate (billing is
location and time based)
o Industry mergers create diverse
communication platforms - need for
global convergence
o Core network convergence
1G
(analog
telephony)
2G
(digital
telephony)
3G
(wireless data)
Most important 3G driving force: wireless data
o 3G networks are designed to
address the deficiencies of 2G
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IMT-2000 Requirements
IMT-2000 data rate requirements
 IMT-2000 is designed to
work across many
different environments
and to provide multiple
communication services
 3G work started in 1992
at the initiative of IMT
High mobility
(vehicular)
Macro cell
144 kbps
High mobility
(pedestrian)
Macro or
mini cell
384 kbps
Low mobility
Indoor coverage
2 Mbps
IMT-2000 HCS: Cell definitions
Cell type
Mega cell
Macro cell
Micro cell
Pico cell
Cell radius
100-500 km
<= 35km
<= 1km
<=50m
Global
Suburban
Urban
In-building
Satellites
Rooftops
Lamp-post
<=500
<100
Operating
environment
Typical installation
type
Mobile speed
[km/h]
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Inside a
building
<10
Frequency allocation for the 3G
MSS/UL
MSS/UL
IMT2000/UL
DECT
IMT2000/
TDD
IMT2000/
TDD
GSM 1800/DL
IMT2000/DL
 ITU recommendations
Europe
1805
1850
1880
IS95
1900 1920
WLL
1980
IS95
2010 2025
2110
WLL MSS
2170
IMT2000/DL
2200
MSS
China
1865
1895
1920
1960
1980
2010
2110
PHS IMT2000/UL
2170
IMT2000/DL
2200
IS95/DL
1980
2110
IMT2000/UL
2170
IMT2000/DL
2200
MSS
Korea
1920
1980
2110
PCS/UL
1850
1800
1850
2170
2200
PCS/DL
USA
1910
1900
1930
1950
2000
2050
2100
o
2110-2200 MHz DL
 In some areas portions of the ITU
band already allocated
 Additional US-AWS
2150
Frequency [MHz]
World wide allocations: http://www.worldtimezone.com/gsm.html
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o
1710-1755MHz UL
o
2110-2155MHz DL
 Second generation bands - UMTS
deployed as overlay on the existing
technology
 Additional allocations around
2.6GHz, 2.3GHz, and between
400MHz and 700MHz
DL - Downlink
UL - Uplink
1990
1885-2025MHz UL
MSS
Japan
1918.1
o
2200
3G requirements
 User throughputs up to 2Mbps
 Variable bit rate that ca be offered on
demand
 Multiplexing services with different QoS
requirement on the same link
 Network delay that ca accommodate real
time traffic
 Quality requirements tat can be set from
10% FER to 10-6 BER
 Coexistence and backward compatibility
with 2G systems
Some differentiators between 3G and 2G
WCDMA/HSPA
GSM/EDGE
Carrier spacing
5MHz
200KHz
Frequency reuse
N=1
N=1 to 18
Power control
Up to 1500 Hz
Up to 2Hz
CS and PS
protocols
Same protocol
Different protocols
for PS and CS
Packet scheduling
and retransmission
In base station
(Node B)
In base station
controller (BSC)
MIMO
Up to 2 by 2
-
Modulation
Variable up to
64QAM
GMSK/8PSK
Access
CDMA
TDMA
 Support of asymmetric UL and DL traffic
 High spectrum efficiency
 Standardization of major network interfaces
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Evolution of 3G
 3G continues to evolve
Evolution of the UMTS (3G)
Release
3GPP R99
3GPP R5
3GPP R6
Standardized
1999
2002
2004
Commercial
2000
2006
2007
Major features
•Bearer services
•64 kbit/s CS
• 384 kbit/s PS
•Location services
•Call services: compatible with GSM
• IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
• IPv6, IP transport in UTRAN
• Improvements in GERAN
•HSDPA
• Multimedia broadcast and multicast
•Improvements in IMS
•HSUPA
•Fractional DPCH
3GPP R7
2007
2008
•Enhanced L2
•64 QAM , MIMO
•VoIP over HSPA
•CPC - continuous packet
connectivity
•FRLC - Flexible RLC
3GPP R8
2008
2010
•DC-HSPA
•HSUPA 16QAM
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 Standardized through 3GPP
 3G gracefully evolves into 4G –
starting from R7 and R8
 Date rates
o
R99: 0.4Mbps UL, 0.4Mbps DL
o
R5: 0.4Mbps UL, 14Mbps DL
o
R6: 5.7Mbps UL, 14Mbps DL
o
R7: 11Mbps UL, 28Mbps DL
o
R8: 50Mbps UL on LTE, 42Mbps DL
on HSPA and 160 Mbps on LTE
Note: theoretical data rates are never
seen in the field. They represent
the highest throughputs supported
by the system design
Global cellular system evolution
 3GPP standards 85% of global
subscription (almost 5B
worldwide)
 3GPP2 about 10% of global
subscription
 Within 3GPP group –
coexistence and compatibility
of standards
 Major carriers that deploy
3GPP2 technologies have
announced their migration to
LTE (3GPP)
 As of 2011
o 200+ UMTS Networks
o 300M subscribers
Evolution map for cellular technologies
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3G Services
 3G services may be
 2G optimized for voice
o Person to person
 3G designed for service plurality
o Content to person
o Flexibility of handling both CS and PS through same
air interface
o Management of different types of PS
 Advanced capabilities required for service
plurality
o High data rates ( 2Mbps in R99 to 28.8Mbps in R7.
Practically 1 to 2Mbps – frequently limited by
cellular provider)
o Low packet delay times (100ms in R5, 50ms in R6)
o Business connectivity
 Person to person – peer to peer
services (voice or data)
 Content to person – access of server
based information
 Business connectivity – use of
WCDMA as a radio modem
o Seamless mobility for PS applications
o QoS differentiation between PS
o Simultaneous voice and data
o Interworking with GSM/GPRS
8
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Person to Person: CS Voice
 Performance requirement – AMR can tolerate 1% of
FER without perceivable quality degradation
 UMTS uses AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate
vocoder)
 Rate control may be used by RAN to
 Rates 12.2 (EFR), 10.2, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90, 5.15,
4.75 kbps
o
Increase capacity during high loading
o
Extend the coverage in low signal areas
 For further capacity increase – newer networks may use
AMR with source adaptation
 Rates controlled by RAN and may be changed
every 20ms through in band signaling
 Two modes:
o
AMR-NB, Fs = 8k, BW – (200,3400) Hz
o
AMR-WB, Fs = 16K, BW – (50, 7000) Hz
Rate reduction with source
adaptation
Fixed AMR
 AMR is Algebraic Code Excited Linear
Predictive vocoder
o Voice activity detection (VAD)
o Background noise evaluation (comfort noise)
through SID (silence descriptor frame)
o Discontinuous transmission (DTX)
100%
100%
100%
Total rate
 Advanced features
120%
Source adapation
72%
80%
81%
60%
40%
20%
0%
12.2 kbps with DTX
o Frame substitution (error concealment)
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7.4 kbps with DTX
Person to person: Wideband AMR
 Introduced in Release 5
 Wideband – Fs = 16KHz
 Wider bandwidth (50,7000)Hz
 Better voice quality
 Adopted by ITU-T for landline telecom
o Future landline and wireless system would use
same coder
o No transcoding
 AMR-WB shows excellent MOS
o Better than AMR-NB (for the same rate)
o Better than 64kbps PCM
o Robust in noisy environment
 Improvements are result of
o Higher sampling frequency – better for
capturing the frequency content of consonants
MOS comparison
between AMR-NB and
AMR-WB
o Increased processing (more sophisticated voice
analysis algorithms)
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Person to Person: Other
 Video telephony – supported as of
Release 5 as CS switched
service(ITU-T H324M)
 Packet switched services
o SMS Messaging
o MMS Messaging
o Audio messaging (very cost effective,
one minute AM is only 35kB)
o Instant messaging
o Mobile email
o Video sharing
o Push to talk cellular
o VoIP
o Multi-player games
 PS person to person services – large
revenue potential for operators
 PS applications – very diverse QoS
requirements
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Content to person service
 Web Browsing
 Content download
o Accounts for more than 50% of mobile
data usage
o Application, ring tone, MP3,…
o Progressive download
o Download may vary from few kilo
bytes to few megabytes
o Podcasting – users upload audio and
video content for free download by
other web users
o Social media
 Audio and video streaming
 All content to person services
are highly asymmetric in traffic
demand.
o Becoming increasingly popular
o Less complicated from digital content
rights that downloadable media
o Less demanding from the mobile
memory standpoint
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RAN ARCHITECTURE
13
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UMTS Network Architecture
UMTS Terrestrial
Radio
(UTRAN)
User Equipment
(UE)
Uu
Core Network
(CN)
Major
components of
3G network
Iu
 3G Network
 Standardized interfaces
o User equipment (phones, data cards)
o Air interface (Uu)
o UMTS Terrestrial Radio Network (UTRAN)
o UTRAN-CN interface (Iu)
o Core Network (CN)
 Relative to 2G
 Interface standardization – allow
different vendors for UE, RAN
and CN
o Revolution on the UE and UTRAN
o Evolution on CN
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UMTS domains
Domain based view of UMTS
network
 Network units are combined into functional
blocks called domains
 There are six domains
 Interfaces between domains are
standardized
 Grouping of communication task – stratum
 Access stratum – communication between
User Equipment (UE) and Radio Access
Network (RAN)
 Non-access stratum – communication
between USIM and ME, or between UE
and CN
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Circuit versus packet switching
 Circuit Switched (CS)
o Communication path set at the beginning
o Path maintained throughout entire
communication session
o Permanent path – no addressing/routing
required
o Used in voice telephony
o Not appropriate for data communication
due to poor utilization of resources
CS communication
 Packet Switched (PS)
o Data stream subdivide into blocks (packets)
o Packets have address of the destination
o Packet released into communication network
and routed independent of each other
o Receiver assembles the packets
o Better suited for data traffic due to
PS communication

Efficient resource utilization

Robustness
UMTS
accommodates both CS and PS
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UMTS architecture
Node B
User
Subscriber
Identity
Module
(USIM)
Radio
Network
Controller
RNC
Node B
Cu
Mobile
Equipment
(ME)
MSC/
VLR
Circuit
Switched
Network
Iur
Iub
Node B
Radio
Network
Controller
RNC
SGSN
Iu
Node B = Base Station
Open Interfaces:
SGSN = Service GPRS Node
Uu – W-CDMA air interface
GGSN = Gateway GPRS Node
Iub – Node B to RNC
MSC = Mobile Switching Center
Iur – between RNC
VLR = Visitor Location Registry
GGSN
Packet Data
Network
Core Network
(CN)
UMTS Terrestial Radio
(UTRAN)
Uu
 Reuse of the Existing
GSM network
architecture
 UMTS terrestrial
network built on ATM
HLR
Node B
User Equipment
(UE)
Acronyms:
GMSC/
VLR
 W-CDMA air interface
for UMTS radio Access
Iu – between UTRAN and CN
HLR = Home Location Registry
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Note: from the radio planning and
optimization perspective the most
important is Uu interface
Circuit switched portion of the UMTS
 Circuit switched portion of the UMTS CN is evolution of GSM
 Iu interface towards CN is Iu-CS
 Same elements but upgraded interfaces
 Consists of switches (MSC, GMSC) and appropriate databases (HLR and VLR)
•
•
•
•
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MSC – Mobile Switching
Center
GMSC- Gateway MSC
(end network switch)
VLR – Visitor Location
Registry
HLR – Home location
Registry
Packet data portion of the UMTS
 Packet data portion of the UMTS CN is evolution of GPRS
 Iu interface towards PD core is Iu-PS
 Same elements but upgraded interfaces
 Consist of SGSN and GGSN nodes and appropriate interfaces
 For service management, GGSN and SGSN nodes are connected to HLR
•
Node B
SGSN
Radio
Network
Controller
RNC
Node B
SGSN
HLR
Iur
Iub
•
Gc
Gr
Node B
Node B
Radio
Network
Controller
RNC
SGSN
Gn
GGSN
Packet Data
Network
Packet Data Core
Network
(CN)
UMTS Terrestial Radio
(UTRAN)
Iu
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SGSN (Serving GPRS
Support Node) – router for
PS data and local
administration of user data
service
GGSN (Gateway GPRS
Support Node) – edge router
that connects to external PS
networks
User equipment
 User Equipment consists of:
o Mobile Equipment (ME) - hardware providing the
adjustment of user data to the Uu interface
USIM
ME
Cu
UE
ME
USIM
UE
- Mobile equipment
- UMTS subscriber module
- User equipment
o UMTS Subscriber Module (USIM) - Evolution of
GSM’s SIM. Detaches the user identity from a given
communication hardware
o UMTS specifies a number of UE implementation
types: single mode FDD, single mode TDD, dual
mode FDD/TDD, dual mode TDD/GSM and triple
mode FDD/TDD/GSM
o Majority UMTS mobile are dual mode UMTS/HSPA
and GSM/GPRS/EDGE
UE in a form
of phone
 UE is
o Node B counterpart (processing of radio signals)
o RNC counterpart (radio resource management,
mobility management, encryption)
o CN counterpart (service request, bearer negotiation,
authentication)
UMTS/HSPA
data card
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Page 20
UMTS terrestrial radio (UTRAN)
 UTRAN consists of
 All interfaces in UTRAN are open facilitates market entrance of single
component equipment
manufacturers
o Node B (Base station)
 Hosts radio TX/RXs
 Provides layer 1 functionality
 Communicates to RNC over open Iub
interface
Radio Network
Controller
 Due to processing speed requirements
some radio resource management
functions moved from RNC to Node B
Node B
o Radio Network Controller (RNC)
 Evolution of GSM’s BSC
Node B
 Central node of UTRAN
 Provides support for mobility (soft
handover) and RRM (power control)
 Direct link between RNC (Iur interface)
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Node B
UTRAN
Page 21
RNC responsibilities
 Call admission control – RNC accesses
the network loading for call admission
management
 Radio resource management –
allocation of channels, power control,
priority control.
 Encryption - Data arriving from fixed
networks are encrypted for over the air
transmission
 O&M – RNC collects a wealth of
performance data. These data are used for
network management, optimization and
troubleshooting
 Radio bearer setup and release
 Code allocation – management of
spreading codes
 Power control of mobiles and Node B.
Most critical slow power control on the UL
 Packet scheduling – RNC schedules
packet over Uu based on available
resources and negotiated QoS
 Handover management – RNC
manages both soft and hard handovers in
UMTS. Determines conditions and
executes required signaling.
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Handover in UMTS
 Advantages of soft/softer handovers
 Three basic types of handover
o Soft handover
o Improved reliability due to macro-diversity
o Softer handover
o Reduced interference on both UL and
downlink
o Hard handover
 Soft handover (make before break)
A1
o UE communicates with up to three different sectors
from Node-Bs
o On downlink: Data are split at the RNC and send to
all involved sectors. For CS – same data sent from
all involved Node-Bs.
A2
A3
o On the uplink: Data received from Node B’s
forwarded to RNC who assembles the uplink
MS is here in 2-way
Handoff
(with A2 & B1)!
Add B1
 Softer handover
o UE communicates with different sectors of the same
Node B
Drop A2
 Hard handover
B1
o From UMTS to GPS
o Between different UMTS carriers
B3
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B2
RAN view of handover
 Intra Node B / Intra RNC (hard or soft)
o Same Node B, same RNC
 Inter Node B / Intra RNC (hard or soft)
 Each handover has associated signaling
 To reduce latency – Iur interface allows
direct signaling between RNC’s
o Different Node B, same RNC
 Inter Node B / Inter RNC (hard or soft)
o Different Node B, different RNC
 Intra Node B / Inter RNC
o Same Node B, different RNC
Note: from UE standpoint: 1-way, 2-way or
3-way handover.
o Serving RNC is changed
o Handover internal to RAN (no over the air
signaling)
 Inter MSC handover (hard)
o Different Node B, different RNC, different MSC
 Inter-system handover (hard)
o Hanover between UMTS and GSM
 Inter-Segment-Handover
o Handover from terrestrial to satellite (*)
(*) still being developed
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Location management in UMTS
 To route calls, network must know the location of
the mobile
 Network is subdivided into Location Areas, with
specific LA Indexes (LAI)
 Current mobile LAI is stored and updated in HLR
 When mobile is called the page is send through all
the cells carrying mobile’s current LAI
 Size of LAI area balances
o Paging overhead
o LAI update frequency
 LA sizes are different for CS and PS sides of
the network
o CS – larger areas
o PS – smaller areas
 Location area for PS – Routing Area (RA)
Note: boundaries between LA, RA and URA do not overlap
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Migration towards pure IP core
 Evolution of UMTS core is towards
all IP network
 In LTE, there is no CS domain.
Voice is handled through VoIP
 Advantages:
o Simpler and modern network design
o Integrated network for both CS and
PS
o Utilizes cheap and readily available
routing technology (both software
and hardware)
o Easy integration with Internet
o Easy provisioning of new services
 Disadvantages
o Complex migration of 2G networks
HSS
– Home Subscriber Server (evolution of HLR)
R-SGW
– Roaming Signaling Gateway (transforms CS
signaling into internal Internet signaling)
MGW
– Media Gateway (transforms internal VoIP to PSTN)
o Security issues
o QoS provisioning for time critical
services
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