Transcript II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam F. Counterculture 1967 Summer of Love

The Turbulent Sixties
Civil Rights:
Nonviolent to
Black Power
MLK: “I have
a dream…”
Malcolm X:
“…by any
means
necessary.”
Civil Rights: Nonviolent to Black Power
A.Peak of Nonviolent Success
•Organizations such as SCLC, CORE, and SNCC
worked to gain equality within American society
•Freedom Summer (1964) registered voters
•Civil Rights Act of 1964
•Voting Rights Act (1965)
•24th Amendment
Racist Reaction to Civil Rights Movement
•Freedom Rides
•Birmingham & Bull Connor
Civil Rights: Nonviolent
to Black Power
B. New Black Militancy
•Black Power emerges from
teachings of Malcolm X
•SNCC, led by Stokely
Carmichael, becomes
radical proponents of Black
Power
Civil Rights: Nonviolent to Black Power
B. New Black Militancy
“Long, Hot Summers”
(1964-1966)
•Harlem (143 injured)
1967
•Cleveland (4 dead)
•150+ cities
•Newark (26 dead, 1500 injured)
•Rochester
•Jersey City
1968
•Philadelphia
•125+ cities
•Washington DC (9 dead, 1000 injured)
•Watts (34 dead)
•Detroit (43 dead, 2000 injured)
Civil Rights: Nonviolent to
Chicano Power
C. La Causa
•Hispanics joined for 2 general reasons:
improved working conditions and racial
pride
•Chavez organized farm workers against
California growers
•United Farm Workers (UFW)
•Brown Berets
East LA Walkouts (March 1, 1968)
“!SÍ, se puede!”
Founded United Farm
Workers (UFW) with Dolores
Huerta
Followed Zapata, Nehru,
Gandhi, King
1965 Delano Grape Strike
1966 Austin March
1960-70s Organized
workers in Ohio, Wisconsin,
and Texas
1980s Targeted pesticides
Nonviolent Civil
Disobedience
Family lost farm during
Great Depression
Served 2 years in Navy
during WWII
Opposed Bracero program
In 1968: 25-day fast
In 1988: 36-day fast
8 states currently
celebrate Cesar Chavez Day
Civil Rights: Red Power
D. Native American Protests
•Alcatraz
•Wounded Knee
•“Fish-ins” in Puget Sound
•American Indian Movement (AIM)
established armed patrols and
demanded self-government
1. Minneapolis patrols, 1968
2. Occupation of Alcatraz, 1968
(19 months)
3. Plymouth Rock protest, 1970
4. Mount Rushmore visit, 1970
5. Takeover at Wounded Knee, 1973
(exposed corruption of BIA)
6. The Longest Walk, 1978
(3,200 mile march)
7. Mascot protests of 1990s, 2000s
The Indian Renaissance
Custer Died for Your Sins:
An Indian Manifesto
Vine Deloria, Jr. (1933-2005)
Red Power + Indian
Renaissance +
counterculture = new
view of Native
American culture
Civil Rights: Feminism
E. NOW & New Feminism
•“Glass Ceiling” –51% of
population vs. 7% doctors &
4% lawyers
•Left other movements and
gained confidence in
demanding gender equality
“The problem that has
no name.”
The Feminine
Mystique
"The problem lay buried,
unspoken, for many years in the
minds of American women. It
was a strange stirring, a sense
of dissatisfaction, a yearning
[that is, a longing] that women
suffered in the middle of the
20th century in the United
States. Each suburban wife
struggled with it alone. As she
made the beds, shopped for
groceries … she was afraid to
ask even of herself the silent
question — 'Is this all?"
Equal Rights Amendment
First proposed in
1923
Passed by Congress
in 1973
Ratified by 35 of 38
needed states
They are still trying
to get the other 3!!
Ratified
Ratified, then rescinded
Not ratified, but 1 state house approved
Not ratified
F. Environmentalism
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
Endangered Species Act, 1973
Greenpeace
Creation of the
Environmental
Protection Agency
(EPA) in 1970
Earth Day (April 22, 1970)
II. Lost Crusade in
Vietnam
A. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Johnson used information to get
Congress to nearly unanimously
escalate ‘conflict’ (information
misleading/faulty)
• 1965-1968: 3 times tonnage of
bombs dropped on Vietnam as all
of U.S. drops in WWII
• 500,000+ troops committed from
April 1968 to summer 1969
II. Lost Crusade in
Vietnam
B. Opposition to War
•Although polls actually showed
most college students favored LBJ’s
policy, protests sprung up across
college campuses (heavy
opposition to ROTC recruitment &
eventually the draft)
•My Lai Massacre
•Great Society is killed by Vietnam
•By 1968, most common poll
answer to war is: “I want to get out,
but I don’t want to give up.”
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
C. Media Coverage (first televised war)
•Tet Offensive (Jan. 1968)
•“Hey, hey, LBJ, how
many kids did you
kill today?”
Viewers
did not
anticipate
the
horrific
scene and
turned
many
against
continuing
the police
action.
This televised protest by a Buddhist monk against U.S. aggression was televised
and gave insight into the depths of anti-American sentiment in Vietnam.
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
Role of Music in Protest
•Rock & Folk singers focused much
of their music on Vietnam protest
songs
•Bob Dylan, the Beatles, Janice
Joplin, Credence Clearwater
Revival, the Grateful Dead, the
Doors are some of the
singer/songwriters that galvanized
the youth movement against the
war
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no millionaire's son, no, no.
It ain't me, it ain't me,
Some folks are born made to wave the flag, I ain't no fortunate one, no.
ooh, they're red, white and blue.
And when the band plays "Hail To The
(third verse)
Chief",
Yeh, some folks inherit star spangled eyes,
oh, they point the cannon at you, Lord,
ooh, they send you down to war, Lord,
Fortune Son (CCR)
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no senator's son,
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no fortunate one, no,
Some folks are born silver spoon in hand,
Lord, why don't they help themselves? oh.
But when the taxman come to the door,
Lord, the house look a like a rummage
sale, yes,
And when you ask them, how much should we give,
oh, they only answer, more, more, more, yoh,
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no military son, SON, NO
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no fortunate one, NO NO
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no fortunate one, no no no,
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no fortunate son, son son son
RUN THROUGH THE JUNGLE (CCR)
Thought I heard a rumblin'
Callin' to my name,
Whoa, thought it was a
Two hundred million guns are
nightmare,
loaded
Lo, it's all so true,
They told me, "Don't go walkin' Satan cries, "Take aim!"
slow
CHORUS
The Devil's on the loose."
CHORUS:
Better run through the jungle,
Better run through the jungle,
Better run through the jungle,
Woa, Don't look back to see.
Over on the mountain
Thunder magic spoke,
"Let the people know my wisdom,
Fill the land with smoke."
CHORUS
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
D. Rise & Fall of Youth Movement
1950: 1 million students in higher education vs. 1970: 8 million
1970: 50% of U.S. population under 30 yrs. of age
•The New Left (Students for a Democratic Society)
•Port Huron Statement: anti-materialism,
militarism, careerism, & racism
•Sit-ins (“Make Love Not War” & “Hell, no, we
won’t go!”) led campaign on college campuses
against ROTC & school administrations
II. Lost Crusade in
Vietnam
•SDS (Tom Hayden)
•Staged hundreds of
campus protests in
1968
•Organized with other
militant groups to
protest at 1968
Democratic National
Convention in Chicago
The Chicago Eight
(Seven)
The trial ran in 1970—and became
a spectacle of left-wing protest.
Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman led
with irreverent behavior throughout
the trial and ultimately saw the
conviction overturned in appeal.
Most served 2 years in prison.
Abbie Hoffman Jerry Rubin
David Dellinger
Tom Hayden
Rennie Davis
John Froines
Lee Weiner
Bobby Seale
1968: Turning Point in History
•Tet Offensive begins (535,000
American servicemen in Vietnam)
•Assassinations of Martin Luther
King, Jr. & Robert Kennedy
•Riot at Democratic National
Convention
=led Middle America to seek the
“Law and Order” promised by
Nixon
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
D. Rise & Fall of Youth Movement
•Kent State Shootings (May 1970)
•Jackson State Shootings
•Ten days after Kent State Protests and Shootings
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
E. “Law & Order” Response
•75% of college students viewed themselves as
‘radical’ or ‘far left’ by 1970
•Peaceful vs. militant protests split movement
•Hoover expanded FBI to hunt subversives
•Waning of Vietnam weakened movement
•Nixon elected as many Americans viewed student
radicals as a problem in society
=college campuses remain liberal center (curfews,
dress codes, elective ROTC are remnants)
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
F. Johnson’s Presidency
1. Great Society
“War on Poverty” v. war in Vietnam
2. Civil Rights Agenda
--continuing JFK, but with
success
Who is remembered as the Civil
Rights president??
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
F. Counterculture
1967 Summer of Love
•Social experiment of love & equality
•100,000+ flood to Haight-Ashbury
•question everything
Come gather 'round people
Wherever you roam
And admit that the waters
Around you have grown
And accept it that soon
You'll be drenched to the bone
If your time to you
Is worth savin'
Then you better start swimmin'
Or you'll sink like a stone
For the times they are a-changin'.
Come writers and critics
Who prophesize with your pen
And keep your eyes wide
The chance won't come again
And don't speak too soon
For the wheel's still in spin
And there's no tellin' who
That it's namin'
For the loser now
Will be later to win
For the times they are a-changin'.
The Times They are A-Changin’
Come mothers and fathers
by Bob Dylan
Throughout the land
Come senators, congressmen
Please heed the call
Don't stand in the doorway
Don't block up the hall
For he that gets hurt
Will be he who has stalled
There's a battle outside
And it is ragin'
It'll soon shake your windows
And rattle your walls
For the times they are achangin'.
And don't criticize
What you can't understand
Your sons and your daughters
Are beyond your command
Your old road is
Rapidly agin'
Please get out of the new one
If you can't lend your hand
For the times they are a-changin'.
The line it is drawn
The curse it is cast
The slow one now
Will later be fast
As the present now
Will later be past
The order is
Rapidly fadin'
And the first one now
Will later be last
For the times they are a-changin'.
Ken Kesey and the Merry
Pranksters were leaders of
the Acid Trip movement.
Dr.
Timothy
Leary was
the
“godfather”
of LSD
“Turn on, Tune in, Drop out!!”
Like every great
religion of the past we
seek to find the divinity
within and to express
this revelation in a life
of glorification and the
worship of God. These
ancient goals we define
in the metaphor of the
present — turn on,
tune in, drop out—
Timothy Leary, 1966
II. Lost Crusade in
Vietnam
F. Counterculture
•“Sex, Drugs, &
Rock-n-Roll
•Woodstock was
climax of Hippie
Generation
•Haight-Ashbury
district of S.F.
•NYC’s East
Village
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
F. Counterculture Fades
•Manson Murders
•Guru of HaightAshbury
•“Helter Skelter” and
impending race war
John Lennon: “The
dream is over. What
can I say?”
The Manson Family was created
during the 1967 Summer of Love
Jonestown, 1978
•Jim Jones was a
religious leader during
the counterculture
movement
•“rainbow family” and
racial integration
•challenged traditional
Christianity and Bible
•Rep. Leo Ryan
murdered
•909 (303 children)
“Drank the Kool-aid”
(it was actually grape
Flavor Aid)
During the mid-1970s several of his friends
sought to intervene on his behalf and help him
return to the United States. Huey Newton and
Harvey Milk openly embraced Jones as a friend
and vouched for his character and intent.
Generational War?
versus
1968
1965
Lasting impact of
Counterculture is
seen in dress
•jeans
•long hair
sexual revolution
•abortion
•birth control
•pornography
•open
homosexuality
•promiscuity
You say you want a revolution
Well, you know
We all want to change the world
You tell me that it’s evolution
Well, you know
We all want to change the world
But when you talk about destruction
Don’t you know that you can count me out
Don’t you know it’s gonna be all right
All right, all right
You say you got a real solution
Well, you know
We’d all love to see the plan
You ask me for a contribution
Well, you know
We’re doing what we can
But when you want money
For people with minds that hate
All I can tell is brother you’ll have to wait
Don’t you know it’s gonna be all right
All right, all right
You say you’ll change the Constitution
Well, you know
We all want to change your head
You tell me it’s the institution
Well, you know
You better free your mind instead
But if you go carrying pictures of chairman Mao
You ain’t going to make it with anyone anyhow
Don’t you know it’s gonna be all right
All right, all right…
REVOLUTION
The Beatles, 1968