Transcript Turbulent Sixties

The Turbulent Sixties
Civil Rights:
Nonviolent to
Black Power
MLK: “I
have a
dream…”
Malcolm X:
“…by any
means
necessary.”
Civil Rights: Nonviolent to Black Power
A.Peak of Nonviolent Success
• Organizations such as SCLC, CORE, and
SNCC worked to gain equality within
American society
• Freedom Summer (1964) registered voters
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Voting Rights Act (1965)
• 24th Amendment
Civil Rights:
Nonviolent to Black
Power
B. New Black Militancy
•Black militancy
emerges from teachings
of Malcolm X
•SNCC, led by Stokely
Carmichael, becomes
radical proponents of
Black Power
Civil Rights: Nonviolent to Black Power
B. New Black Militancy
“Long, Hot Summers”
1964-1966
1967
•Harlem (143 injured)
•150+ cities
•Newark (26 dead, 1500 injured)
•Cleveland (4 dead)
•Rochester
1968
•Jersey City
•125+ cities
•Washington DC (9 dead, 1000
injured)
•Philadelphia
•Watts (34 dead)
•Detroit (43 dead, 2000 injured)
Civil Rights:
Nonviolent to Chicano
Power
C. La Causa
•Hispanics joined for 2
general reasons: improved
working conditions and
racial pride
•Chavez organized farm
workers against California
growers
•United Farm Workers
(UFW)
•Brown Berets
East LA Walkouts (March 1, 1968)
“!SÍ, se puede!”
•Founded United Farm
Workers (UFW) with
Dolores Huerta
•Followed Zapata,
Nehru, Gandhi, King
•1965 Delano Grape
Strike
•1966 Austin March
•1960-70s Organized
workers in Ohio,
Wisconsin, and Texas
•1980s Targeted
pesticides
Nonviolent Civil
Disobedience
•Family lost farm during
Great Depression
•Served 2 years in Navy
during WWII
•Opposed Bracero program
•In 1968: 25-day fast
•In 1988: 36-day fast
•8 states currently
celebrate Cesar Chavez
Day
Civil Rights: Red
Power
D. Native American
Protests
•Alcatraz
•Wounded Knee
•“Fish-ins” in Puget
Sound
•American Indian
Movement (AIM)
established armed
patrols and demanded
self-government
1.Minneapolis patrols, 1968
2.Occupation of Alcatraz, 1968
(19 months)
3.Plymouth Rock protest, 1970
4.Mount Rushmore visit, 1970
5.Takeover at Wounded Knee,
1973 (exposed corruption of
BIA)
6.The Longest Walk, 1978
(3,200 mile march)
7.Mascot protests of 1990s, 2000s
The Indian Renaissance
Custer Died for Your Sins: An
Indian Manifesto
Vine Deloria, Jr. (19332005)
Red Power +
Indian Renaissance
+ counterculture =
new view of Native
American culture
Civil Rights:
Feminism
E. NOW & New
Feminism
•“Glass Ceiling”
–51% of
population vs.
7% doctors &
4% lawyers
•Left other
movements
and gained
confidence in
demanding
gender equality
Gloria Steinam and
Betty Friedan
organized NOW to
fight for the ERA and
other women's Rights
issues.
“The problem that has no name.”
The Feminine
Mystique
"The problem lay buried,
unspoken, for many years in
the minds of American
women. It was a strange
stirring, a sense of
dissatisfaction, a yearning
[that is, a longing] that
women suffered in the
middle of the 20th century in
the United States. Each
suburban wife struggled with
it alone. As she made the
beds, shopped for groceries
… she was afraid to ask
even of herself the silent
question — 'Is this all?"
Birth control became the
new centerpiece of the
new women's movement
known as "feminism."
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Phyllis Schlafly led the
anti-ERA movement as
many women opposed
new feminism's support
of abortion and birth
control outside of
wedlock
Equal Rights Amendment
•First proposed in
1923
•Passed by
Congress in 1973
•Ratified by 35 of
38 needed states
They are still
trying to get the
other 3!!
Ratified
Ratified, then rescinded
Not ratified, but 1 state house approved
Not ratified
F. Environmentalism
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
Greenpeace
Endangered
Species Act,
1973
Creation of the
Environmental
Protection
Agency (EPA) in
1970
Earth Day (April 22, 1970)
Viewers
did not
anticipate
the horrific
scene and
turned
many
against
continuing
the police
action.
This televised protest by a Buddhist monk against U.S. aggression was televised
and gave insight into the depths of anti-American sentiment in Vietnam.
II. Lost Crusade in
Vietnam
A.Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Johnson used information to
get Congress to nearly
unanimously escalate
‘conflict’ (information
misleading/faulty)
• 1965-1968: 3 times tonnage
of bombs dropped on
Vietnam as all of U.S. drops
in WWII
• 500,000+ troops committed
from April 1968 to summer
1969
II. Lost Crusade in
Vietnam
B. Opposition to War
•Although polls actually showed
most college students favored
LBJ’s policy, protests sprung up
across college campuses (heavy
opposition to ROTC recruitment
& eventually the draft)
•My Lai Massacre
•Great Society is killed by
Vietnam
•By 1968, most common poll
answer to war is: “I want to get
out, but I don’t want to give up.”
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
C. Media Coverage (first televised war)
•Tet Offensive (Jan. 1968)
•“Hey, hey, LBJ, how
many kids did you
kill today?”
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
Role of Music in Protest
•Rock & Folk singers focused
much of their music on Vietnam
protest songs
•Bob Dylan, the Beatles,
Janice Joplin, Credence
Clearwater Revival, the
Grateful Dead, the Doors are
some of the
singer/songwriters that
galvanized the youth
movement against the war
Fortune Son (CCR)
Some folks are born made to wave the
flag,
ooh, they're red, white and blue.
And when the band plays "Hail To The
Chief",
oh, they point the cannon at you, Lord,
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no senator's son,
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no fortunate one, no,
Some folks are born silver spoon in
hand,
Lord, why don't they help themselves?
oh.
But when the taxman come to the door,
Lord, the house look a like a rummage
sale, yes,
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no millionaire's son, no, no.
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no fortunate one, no.
(third verse)
Yeh, some folks inherit star spangled eyes,
ooh, they send you down to war, Lord,
And when you ask them, how much should
we give,
oh, they only answer, more, more, more,
yoh,
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no military son, SON, NO
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no fortunate one, NO NO
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no fortunate one, no no no,
It ain't me, it ain't me,
I ain't no fortunate son, son son son
RUN THROUGH THE
JUNGLE (CCR)
Whoa, thought it was a
nightmare,
Lo, it's all so true,
They told me, "Don't go
walkin' slow
The Devil's on the loose."
CHORUS:
Better run through the jungle,
Better run through the jungle,
Better run through the jungle,
Woa, Don't look back to see.
Thought I heard a rumblin'
Callin' to my name,
Two hundred million guns are
loaded
Satan cries, "Take aim!"
CHORUS
Over on the mountain
Thunder magic spoke,
"Let the people know my
wisdom,
Fill the land with smoke."
CHORUS
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
D. Rise & Fall of Youth Movement
1950: 1 million students in higher education vs. 1970: 8 million
1970: 50% of U.S. population under 30 yrs. of age
•The New Left (Students for a Democratic
Society)
•Port Huron Statement: anti-materialism,
militarism, careerism, & racism
•Sit-ins (“Make Love Not War” & “Hell, no,
we won’t go!”) led campaign on college
campuses against ROTC & school
administrations
II. Lost Crusade in
Vietnam
•SDS //students for a
democratic society//
(Tom Hayden)
•Staged hundreds of
campus protests in 1968
•Organized with other
militant groups to protest
at 1968 Democratic
National Convention in
Chicago
The Weather Underground
Their founding document called for a "white fighting
force" to be allied with the "Black Liberation
Movement" and other radical movements to achieve
"the destruction of U.S. imperialism and achieve a
classless world: world communism".
Declared war on U.S. gov't
Detonated bombs at NYPD
headquarters, US Capitol
and Pentagon
Literally self imploded
Weather Underground was
never prosecuted because
crimes were never fully
discovered until after statute
of limitations expired
The Chicago Eight
(Seven)
The trial ran in 1970—and
became a spectacle of leftwing protest. Jerry Rubin and
Abbie Hoffman led with
irreverent behavior throughout
the trial and ultimately saw
the conviction overturned in
appeal. Most served 2 years
in prison.
Abbie Hoffman
Jerry Rubin
David Dellinger
Tom Hayden
Rennie Davis
John Froines
Lee Weiner
Bobby Seale
1968: Turning Point in History
•Tet Offensive begins (535,000
American servicemen in
Vietnam)
•Assassinations of Martin
Luther King, Jr. & Robert
Kennedy
•Riot at Democratic National
Convention
=led Middle America to seek
the “Law and Order” promised
by Nixon
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
D. Rise & Fall of Youth Movement
•Kent State Shootings (May 1970)
•Jackson State Shootings
•Ten days after Kent State Protests and
Shootings
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
E. “Law & Order” Response
•75% of college students viewed themselves as
‘radical’ or ‘far left’ by 1970
•Peaceful vs. militant protests split movement
•Hoover expanded FBI to hunt subversives
•Waning of Vietnam weakened movement
•Nixon elected as many Americans viewed
student radicals as a problem in society
=college campuses remain liberal center
(curfews, dress codes, elective ROTC are
remnants)
II. Lost Crusade in Vietnam
F. Johnson’s Presidency
1. Great Society
“War on Poverty” v. war in Vietnam
2. Civil Rights Agenda
--continuing JFK, but with
success
Who is remembered as the
Civil Rights president??
II. Lost Crusade in
Vietnam
G. Counterculture
1967 Summer of
Love
•Social
experiment of
love & equality
•100,000+ flood
to HaightAshbury
•question
authority
Dr. Timothy Leary was
the “godfather” of LSD
The Times They are A-Changin’
by Bob Dylan
Come mothers and fathers
Come gather 'round people
Wherever you roam
And admit that the waters
Around you have grown
And accept it that soon
You'll be drenched to the
bone
If your time to you
Is worth savin'
Then you better start
swimmin'
Or you'll sink like a stone
For the times they are achangin'.
Come writers and critics
Who prophesize with your
pen
And keep your eyes wide
The chance won't come
again
And don't speak too soon
For the wheel's still in spin
And there's no tellin' who
That it's namin'
For the loser now
Will be later to win
For the times they are achangin'.
Come senators,
congressmen
Please heed the call
Don't stand in the
doorway
Don't block up the hall
For he that gets hurt
Will be he who has
stalled
There's a battle outside
And it is ragin'
It'll soon shake your
windows
And rattle your walls
For the times they are achangin'.
Throughout the land
And don't criticize
What you can't understand
Your sons and your
daughters
Are beyond your command
Your old road is
Rapidly agin'
Please get out of the new one
If you can't lend your hand
For the times they are achangin'.
The line it is drawn
The curse it is cast
The slow one now
Will later be fast
As the present now
Will later be past
The order is
Rapidly fadin'
And the first one now
Will later be last
For the times they are achangin'.
“Turn on, Tune in, Drop out!!”
Like every great
religion of the past
we seek to find the
divinity within and to
express this
revelation in a life of
glorification and the
worship of God.
These ancient goals
we define in the
metaphor of the
present — turn on,
tune in, drop out—
Timothy Leary, 1966
Ken Kesey and the Merry
Pranksters were leaders of the
Acid Trip movement.
II. Lost Crusade
in Vietnam
G. Counterculture
•“Sex, Drugs, &
Rock-n-Roll
•Woodstock was
climax of Hippie
Generation
•Haight-Ashbury
district of S.F.
•NYC’s East
Village
II. Lost Crusade in
Vietnam
H. Counterculture Fades
•Manson Murders
•Guru of Haight-Ashbury
•“Helter Skelter” and
impending race war
John Lennon: “The
dream is over. What can I
say?”
The Manson Family was created
during the 1967 Summer of Love
Jonestown, 1978
•Jim Jones was a religious
leader during the
counterculture movement
•“rainbow family” and racial
integration
•challenged traditional
Christianity and Bible
•Rep. Leo Ryan murdered
•909 (303 children) “Drank
the Kool-aid”
(it was actually grape Flavor
Aid)
During the mid-1970s several of his friends
sought to intervene on his behalf and help
him return to the United States. Huey
Newton and Harvey Milk openly embraced
Jones as a friend and vouched for his
character and intent.
Generational War?
versus
1968
1965
Lasting impact of
Counterculture is
seen in dress
•jeans
•long hair
sexual revolution
•abortion
•birth control
•pornography
•open homosexuality
•promiscuity
Stonewall Riots
1950s-1960s America's view
of homosexuality
The Village and beginning of
"Gay Pride" and "coming out"
Gay Pride and LGBT events
coincide with foundation of
movement in late June
You say you want a revolution
Well, you know
We all want to change the world
You tell me that it’s evolution
Well, you know
We all want to change the world
But when you talk about destruction
Don’t you know that you can count me
out
Don’t you know it’s gonna be all right
All right, all right
You say you got a real solution
Well, you know
We’d all love to see the plan
You ask me for a contribution
Well, you know
We’re doing what we can
But when you want money
For people with minds that hate
All I can tell is brother you’ll have to wait
Don’t you know it’s gonna be all right
All right, all right
You say you’ll change the
Constitution
Well, you know
We all want to change your head
You tell me it’s the institution
Well, you know
You better free your mind instead
But if you go carrying pictures of
chairman Mao
You ain’t going to make it with
anyone anyhow
Don’t you know it’s gonna be all
right
All right, all right…
REVOLUTION
The Beatles,
1968