Transcript 14.3 and 14.4 (Changes in Medieval Europe)

Changes in Medieval Europe
(Chapter 14 – Sections 3 & 4)
The Crusades
What are the Crusades?
† The Crusades - Eight military expeditions
(wars) launched by the Christian Church
to capture the Holy Land from Muslims.
† Religious Wars fought mostly between
Muslims and Christians. Crusade means
“to take the cross”
† The first Crusade began in the year 1096,
the Crusades that followed would last
over the next 200 years.
† Took place in Europe and The Middle
East.
† Religious groups were fighting for
control of an area known as The Holy
Land – Jerusalem and parts of the
surrounded area where Jesus lived and
taught.
Causes of the Crusades:
A fight for the Holy Land
† A region sacred to Christians because
Jesus lived and taught there
† Small region in the Middle East
† Pilgrims – people who journey to a sacred
place – wanted to be able to visit the Holy
Land, especially Jerusalem.
† Jerusalem - a city in the Holy Land
regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims,
and Jews.
† Important to Muslims because it was also
the birthplace of their prophet,
Muhammad.
Why was The Holy Land Important?
† To Christians
• Associated with the life, teaching and death of Jesus
(the Messiah)
• Place of the Last Supper
• Where Jesus was buried
• Where Jesus was resurrected
† To Muslims
• First direction of prayer for Muslims, before Mecca
(Kabbah)
• Known as the Land of Many Prophets (Muslims believe in
many of the same prophets as Judaism and Christianity,
such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus)
• Muhammad is said to have traveled to Jerusalem for
prayer
† To Jews
• Jerusalem is the holiest city for the Jewish people
• Jerusalem is considered a divine gift from God
• Though Jesus is NOT an important figure for Jews, those
he studied (Abraham and Moses) also lived in that area.
Causes of the Crusades:
The Turks
† Jerusalem is taken over by Seljuk Turks
(Muslim group)
† Muslim Turks attacked Christian
pilgrims from Europe who were visiting
the Holy Land
† Muslim Turks closed pilgrimage routes to
Jerusalem
† Muslim Turks were conquering the
Byzantine Empire
† The Byzantine Emperor asks Pope Urban
II to help defend his Christian Empire.
† The pope sends Christian soldiers or
knights, who wear the cross on their
chests as a sign of what they fight for.
The Crusades Begin!
† The Catholic Pope – Pope Urban II – Began
the holy wars known as the Crusades and
built political power (lived from 10351099)
† Pope Urban II goes to war because:
• Wanted Holy Land under the control of
Christians
• Wanted to unite Europe against a
common enemy, the Muslim Turks, in
order to stop Europeans fighting one
another.
• He wanted to gain power and prestige
for himself
• He wanted to control key trade routes
between Africa, Asia and Europe
The First Crusade:
1096-1099
† Known as “The People’s Crusade”
† Common Christian people were led by
Peter the Hermit, a French religious
leader who led one of the bands of the 1st
Crusade.
† Went to Constantinople, the Byzantine
Capital.
† Christians attacked the Turks and failed
miserably. They had been told to wait for
help from an army of knights, but did not
listen.
† Few survived…those who did went on to
join armies that would attack Jerusalem
Map of the First Crusade
•
This map shows the routes in and out of Constantinople and the land
that belonged to the Muslims vs. land that belonged to Christians.
The First Crusade: Cont.
† After the attack led by Peter
the Hermit on
Constantinople, survivors
joined with troops to attack
Jerusalem.
† Knights fought through
Jerusalem and captured it in
1099, winning it for
Christians.
† 10,000 Muslim, Christian, and
Jewish inhabitants of the city
were killed during the
attacks.
† Some Crusaders stayed in the
Holy Land and set up
Christian Kingdoms
Later Crusades
† Muslim Turks continued to attack Christians
who remained in the Holy Land after the 1st
Crusade ended.
† More Crusades are launched to defend the
area.
† King Saladin – Muslim Leader who fights
with the King of England, King Richard I, for
control of the Holy Land
† Saladin wins, but agrees to allow Christian
Pilgrims to travel to Jerusalem.
† For 200 years, power of the Holy Land passes
back and forth between Christians and
Muslims on a regular basis, leaving it
unstable.
† In the end, Christian Crusaders were not able
to keep control on the area, and so it remains
a primarily Muslim region, even today.
•These two leaders, one Christian and the other
Muslim, fought each other for control of the Holy
Land.
•Though Saladin and the Muslim warriors beat out
King Richard I, Saladin made an agreement with
King Richard to allow Christian pilgrims to visit
the Holy Land.
King Richard I of England
(Also known as: King
Richard the Lionheart)
Saladin
The Muslim Leader
Results of the Crusades
† Increased Trade
• Remember the growth of towns and cities as
Manor Life ends?
† Encouraged the use of money, rather
than bartering or trading.
• Again, part of the growth of towns.
Remember, land is not the greatest source of
wealth anymore.
† New ideas and technology were spread.
† Muslims discovered new medicines and
studied math
† New maps were drawn and ships designed.
This would be the start of European
exploration.
† The Middle Ages end, and the
Renaissance Begins
Power of the Kings
Who HAD Power?
† Even though Kings were thought to be the most
powerful leader in their particular country or
kingdom, all Kings still had one person above
them…
† THE POPE (remember, Religion is the ONE thing
that all people in Europe were “forced” to have in
common at the time)
† One King (Henry IV of Germany) changes things:
• He had been choosing bishops without the Pope’s
approval (Pope Gregory).
• The Pope excommunicated him and removed him
from power, but then changed his mind after 3 days
and let him back in.
• King Henry then invades Italy, where the Pope lives,
and replaced Pope Gregory with a new Pope.
• The new Pope gives King Henry his throne back.
• King Henry exiles (sends away) the old Pope
(Gregory)
Kings Increase Their Power
† What King Henry IV did was a huge step for
kings. He was one of the first to really
challenge the power of the Pope.
† Other kings followed in his footsteps and
began to put their own wishes before those of
the church as well.
† At this time, the Feudal System (Manor Life)
was also declining as trade and towns grew.
† Kings began to agree to protect towns and
make laws that would help towns in exchange
for money.
† Kings often used that money to hire armies to
attack nobles they felt were too powerful.
† The Crusades also weakened the Feudal
system because many nobles were killed in
battle.
Nation Building
† Kings become more powerful by uniting large
parts of Europe rather than having separate
fiefs ruled by nobles.
† Some areas became powerful enough to
challenge the church.
† As several powerful areas united, they became
known as nations.
† Nation – A community of people that shares
territory and a government.
† Nations often also share a common language and
culture.
† Combining smaller communities to form one
single nation is called “nation building”.
† Royal marriages also often united kingdoms.
(This happened in Spain, Russia and France).
Important Kings in Europe
† William the Conqueror/William of Normandy
• Originally from France
• Attacked and conquered England in 1066 in a battle
called the Norman Conquest.
• Once King of England, he became a strong ruler
who made sure to have more power than his nobles.
• Kings that followed him continued to keep power
from the nobles.
• Later, nobles would begin to rebel against the
power of their kings.
† King John I
• Becomes King of England in 1199.
• Is sure to keep power and wealth by taxing his
people, and jailing enemies unfairly and without
trial.
• Is forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 under the
threat of civil war.
The Magna Carta
† The Magna Carta – Also known as “The Great
Charter”, it limited the king’s power over his
nobles.
† Was agreed to by King John I of England in 1215.
† King John was “forced” to sign by a group of
2,000 English Nobles and Clergy after being
excommunicated by the Pope for unfair actions
against his people.
† After it was signed, no King could:
• Jail a free man without just cause
• Raise taxes without consulting the “Great
Council” of nobles and clergy.
† These “new ideas” about the fairness and power
of the King were so important, that they even
made it into our own US Constitution about 575
years later!
Power of the Nobles
† The “Great Council” of nobles that had
forced King John I to sign the Magna Carta
had accomplished something never done
before. They limited the power of their own
king!
† The King was now forced to consult (ask
permission of) his Great Council before
making certain decisions.
† This council later becomes known as Model
Parliament – A council of lords, clergy and
common people that advised the English
King on government matters.
† It gave the people a say in their government
(like we have now).
† This helped unify and strengthen England.
† It also gave the King power too, because his
nobles were more likely to support him,
since they had a say in what happened.
King John I of England Signs the Magna Carta:
•
•
1215
What types of people are shown standing around King John I as he signs the Magna
Carta?
What can each group benefit from the signing of this document?
The Hundred Years’ War
The Hundred Years’ War: Causes
† Now that people felt like they belonged to one
common nation, instead of fighting each other
within communities, countries began to fight
other countries for control, land, power, wealth,
etc…
† The Hundred Years’ War – A series of conflicts
between England and France that lasted from
1337 to 1453 (yes…that’s more than 100 years).
† Marriage and inheritance caused the English King
to become the lord of many fiefs in present-day
France and brought French land under English
control.
† 1328 - The French King died, King Edward III of
England claims the French throne, French nobles
disagreed and to get his way Edward III invaded
France!
† England and France fought over control of the
English Channel (a waterway) because it was a
way to control trade in the region
Joan of Arc
† As Kings of each country died, the new Kings would
pick up the fighting where the last one left off, causing
the war to be dragged on.
† England won most of the battles, but the French
continued to fight.
† Joan of Arc - A peasant girl from France who took
charge of French forces at the battle of Orleans in 1429.
† Claimed she heard a message from God instructing her
to reclaim France from England. French troops greeted
her with hope and curiosity.
† French troops beat England at Orleans under her
control, and she continues to lead French troops on to
other battles!
† In 1430, she is caught and taken prisoner by the English.
† England puts her on trial for witchcraft, and she is
burned at the stake (killed) when she was 19.
† The French see her death as a driving force, and go on to
beat the English in 1453, ending the war.
Joan of Arc
The Hundred Years’ War: Effects
† Foot soldiers became more important
not armored knights on horseback
† Nationalism - people were citizens of
England or France NOT simply loyal
to local lords
† Kings and Parliament became more
powerful
† Modern boundaries for England and
France are set.
† England looks to explore and
conquer distant lands (The New
World) for conquest, not lands in
Europe.
† European countries become VERY
powerful in the years to come.
The End
Questions? Repeats?