Transcript The Crusades

The Crusades
By Sara Johnson
and
Cat Morgan
Introduction to the Crusades
• The Muslims had control of Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem
before the First Crusade in 1096. The Crusades were battles
between Christians and Muslims for the control of the Holy Land.
They attempted to restore Christian access to the Holy Land
(currently Israel & Palestine).
• Pope Urban II thought the Christians should have control of this
area, so he called for the First Crusade on November 27, 1095.
• The Crusades were a 200 year struggle for the Holy Land.
• It is difficult to distinguish the Crusades because they were basically
a steady flow of soldiers from Europe to the Holy Land.
• Multiple Crusades followed after that against Muslim territories.
• Crusades began in 1096, and ended in 1272
Map of the Crusades
The First Crusade
• 1096-1099
• The Holy Land had been captured by the
Muslims during their conquests between 632
and 661.
• On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II gave a
speech to the people of Rome, encouraging
them to take back the Holy land.
First Crusade continued
• The original goal was to assist the Byzantine
Empire in fighting off the invading Turks from
Anatolia.
• Midway through, the Romans decided they
would take back Jerusalem, the Holy Land,
and free the Eastern Christians from Muslim
rule.
Result of the First Crusade
• Decisive Crusader victory.
• In July of 1099, Jerusalem was reclaimed for
the Pope.
Map of the First Crusade
The Second Crusade
• 1145-1149
• Announced by Pope Eugene III, this was the first
crusade to be led by European Kings, Louis VII of
France and Conrad III of Germany.
• It was started in response to the Country of
Edessa, the first Crusader State, fell to the forces
of Zengi, a Turkish noble.
(A Crusader State was a state created by Western
Europeans crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece, and
the Holy Land).
The Second Crusade continued
• The Crusade in the East was a failure, and
ultimately led to their defeat by the Muslims
in the 2nd Crusade.
• This Crusade was not a big success for the
Christians.
Map of the Second Crusade
Results of the Second Crusade
• Muslim victory in the Holy Land.
• Peace treaty between Byzantine empire and
Seljuq Turks.
• Crusaders began advances into Egypt.
The Third Crusade
• 1189-1192
• Nicknamed the “Kings’ Crusade”.
• Led by Richard I of England, Philip II of France,
and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany.
• European leaders attempted to take back the
Holy Land from Saladin, the first sultan of
Egypt and Syria.
Results of the Third Crusade
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Luckily, this one was considered a success.
Crusader military victory.
Jerusalem was still controlled by Muslims
Muslims agreed to allow an unarmed Christian
pilgrimage into Jerusalem.
Map of the Third Crusade
The Fourth Crusade
• 1202-1204
• Original goal was to conquer the Muslimcontrolled parts of Jerusalem by invading through
Egypt.
• But, in April of 1204, the Crusaders of Western
Europe invaded and took over the Orthodox
Christian city of Constantinople, the Byzantine
Empire capital.
• Seen as one of the final acts in the Great Schism
between the Roman Catholics and the eastern
Orthodox Church
• Considered to be the last major Crusade.
Result of the Fourth Crusade
• A Latin Empire was created.
• It lasted from 1204-1261.
• It was in the lands of the Byzantine Empire
that they had conquered.
Map of the Fourth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade
• 1213-1221
• European Catholics attempt to regain
Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land.
• Led by King Andrew II of Hungary and Duke
Leopold VI of Austria.
• Organized by Pope Innocent II and his
successor, Pope HonoriusIII.
Results of the Fifth Crusade
• Jerusalem was left in Muslim control.
• 8 year peace treaty between Ayyubid empire
and Christian kingdoms.
• Crusaders surrendered after a night attack by
Sultan Al-Kamil because they lost too many
soldiers and were dangerously low on their
supplies.
The Sixth Crusade
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1228-1229
Another attempt to regain Jerusalem.
Not much actual fighting happened.
The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, used
diplomatic strategies to regain control over
Jerusalem for the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Results of the Sixth Crusade
• Frederick II diplomatically won control over
Jerusalem for the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• This control lasted for the next 15 years.
The Seventh Crusade
• 1248-1254
• Led by Louis IX of France.
• Defeated and captured, along with his men,
by Egyptian army led by Ayyubid Sultan
Turanshah.
Results of Seventh Crusade
• Decisive Muslim victory.
• Approximately 800,000 bezants, medieval gold
coins, were paid in ransom for Louis and his
thousands of troops.
The Eighth Crusade
• 1270
• Started by King Louis IX of France.
• Some consider this crusade to be the seventh
because it is not certain whether the fifth and
sixth crusade were one, single crusade, or two
separate ones.
• Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, convinced
him to attack Tunis, a large city right off the
Mediterranean Sea.
The Eighth Crusade continued
• During the war, Louis died on August 25 of a
“flux in the stomach”, Gastroesophageal
Disease- his stomach acid flowed backwards
into his esophagus.
• His last word was “Jerusalem”.
• After Louis’ death, plagued with various
diseases and other problems, Louis’ army was
forced to abandon their conquering of Tunis.
Results of the Eighth Crusade
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Treaty of Tunis.
Death of Louis IX.
Opening of trade with Tunis.
Charles dubbed Louis’ son, Philip II, the new
king.
• Because Philip ll was still too young, Charles
became the actual leader of the Crusades.
The Ninth Crusade
• 1271-1272
• Often considered the end of the Eighth
Crusade.
• Considered final major medieval crusade.
• Led by Prince Edward of England.
• Not considered a total failure because Edward
abandoned the efforts because he had family
issues at home to tend to and did not feel able
to resolve the conflicts with his enemies.
Results of the Ninth Crusade
• Treaty of Caesarea.
• Mameluk, an Arabic designation for slaves,
was destroyed.
• A truce that lasted ten years was put in place
between the Crusaders and the Mameluks.
So, yea. This is the end.
• Ultimately, the Crusades failed in taking back
Jerusalem solely for Christianity.
• To this day, Jerusalem’s main religions are
Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.
Sources
• http://historymedren.about.com/od/crusades/p/crusadesb
asics.htm
• https://www.google.com/search?q=crusades&espv=210&e
s_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=KxPgUvPEM9L
y2gWxuYHYCQ&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667
• http://mrbrunken.happykidsschool.com.tw/_/rsrc/1351870
892047/middleschool/news/amapassignmentthecrusades/
Crusades%201-4%20map.jpg
• https://www.google.com/search?q=symbols+of+the+crusa
des&espv=210&es_sm=93&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ
&sa=X&ei=KBXgUoLbFIjh2QXW14GgAw&ved=0CCoQsAQ&
biw=1366&bih=667
• http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
More Sources
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_state
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin
http://dettoldisney.files.wordpress.com/2011/
12/aladdin-sultan_jafar.jpg
Still More Sources
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade
• http://4.bp.blogspot.com/jVF9cvftEpE/USVN23EkgMI/AAAAAAAApS0/bc
3TkNIeN0M/s1600/111%3DByzantium1204.p
ng
• http://www.hist.umn.edu/courses/hist3613/c
alendar/4thCrusade/images/route.jpg
How ‘Bout ‘Dem Sources
• http://whatishistory.edublogs.org/files/2009/
01/third-crusade-1189-91.gif
• http://matrix.msu.edu/hst/guide/history140r/
unit11/mod/imgs/early_crusades.jpg
• http://www.matrix.msu.edu/hst/guide/history
140r/unit11/mod/imgs/early_crusades.jpg
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusade
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Crusade
Why So Many Sources?
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Crusad
e
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezant
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Crusade
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis
• http://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/1001/p1321.h
tml
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Crusade
I Have Grown a Deep Hatred for
Sources
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluk
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade