Transcript The Middle Ages

BELLS!
• The treaty that said the church had the Sole power to
elect bishops:
– Concordat of Worms
• What City was attacked in the Fourth Crusade?
– Constantinople
• What 3 Religions found importance in Jerusalem?
– Christians, Jews, and Muslims
• What was the Goal of the Reconquista?
– To retake Spain by pushing Muslims out
• N
England Develops
England Develops
• William duke of Normandy Became
known as William the Conqueror
– Oct. 14, 1066 The Battle of Hastings,
the Normans and Saxons fought the
battle that changed the course of English
history.
– Harold was killed by an arrow in the
eye, the Normans won a decisive
victory. William laid the foundation for
centralized government and becomes
King of England. (William grants fiefs
to 200 Norman Lords in exchange for a
pledge of a loyalty.)
England Develops
• King Henry, a descendent of William
the conqueror, rules from 1154 to
1189
• Henry marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
She was a wife to two kings and a
mother to two kings.
• Henry strengthened the royal courts
of justice by sending royal judges to
every part of England at least once a
year.
• They collected taxes, settled lawsuits,
and punished crimes.
England Develops
• King Henry also introduced the use
of the jury in English courts. A jury
in medieval Europe was a group of
loyal people—usually 12 neighbors
of the accused—who answered a
royal judges questions about the facts
of a case.
• Jury trials became a popular means of
settling disputes. Only the king’s court
was allowed to conduct them.
• He increases royal power by
TAKING power from the local
lords and develops a system of
common law.
England Develops
• King Henry was succeeded first by his
son Richard the Lion-Hearted, hero of
the Third Crusade.
• When Richard died, his younger
brother John took the throne.
• John was an extremely poor king. The
last straw was when he raised taxes.
The nobles revolted.
• John was forced to sign the
Magna Carta (Great Charter) in
1215 AD. It limited the power of
the King and helped the lords gain
back some power
England Develops
England Develops
• King Edward I needed to
raise taxes for a war against
the French in 1295.
• King Edward I summoned
two burgesses (citizens of
wealth and property) from
every borough and two
knights from every county
to serve as a Model
Parliament, or legislative
group.
England Develops
• Two groups gradually formed in
Parliament:
– House of Commons (Knights & Burgesses)
– House of Lords (Nobles & Bishops)
• At first Parliament was meant to
be a tool to weaken the great
lords. As time went by, however,
Parliament became strong.
• Like the Magna Carta, it provided
a check on and limited royal
power.
French Monarchs
• Phillips II – 1180-1223 – Regained French lands
controlled by England. He strengthened the
monarchy after a series of weak leaders
• Louix IX – 1226 – 1270 – The greatest of the French
kings. He ended feuding and wars among nobles.
He reformed the tax system and the courts and
pushed for written law and trial by jury. He was
made a saint after his death.
• Philip IV – 1285 – 1314 – He increased the size of
France and increased royal revenues. He called for
the first parliament.
Church Reform
• The state imposed the practice
of Lay Investiture, the
installation of a person in a
church by someone other than
church officials. Banned by
Pope Gregory the VII in 1075
AD
• By the 11th century church
officials realized that they
needed more control over
appointments to the church.
Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
• Henry sent a letter to the Pope which declared
that the Pope was a fake and had no real
authority. His letter ended, “I, Henry, king by
the grace of God, with all of my Bishops, say to
you, come down, come down, and be damned
throughout the ages”
• Obviously, the Pope was not pleased by this.
Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV
and supported the overthrow of his power.
•Henry IV, was faced with the
prospect of losing his kingdom to
lords who were rebelling against
him and supporting the overthrow
of his power.
•Henry decided to go apologize to
the Pope and be reinstated with the
Church. Henry traveled to through
the Papal States (the territories
surrounding Rome which were
controlled by the Pope and the
Church) to Canossa in northern Italy
to meet the pope and apologize in
person. He wore a cilice (hair shirt)
and stood outside barefoot in the
snow. As a priest, the Pope had to
accept Henry’s penance and lift his
excommunication.
The Concordat of Worms
• Henry overthrew the Pope and then, Gregory died in
exile. After they were both dead the conflict
continued for several generations.
• Finally in 1122 at Worms the “Concordat of Worms”
passed. In this agreement the Church won the sole
power to elect bishops and to appoint church
officials and the emperor got to give the new bishop
the symbols of government authority while the
church instilled the ring and staff which were
symbols of spiritual authority. The ring represented
marriage to the church and the staff was symbolic of
the duty to be a good shepherd to the people.
Beginnings of the Crusades
– At the Council of Clermont, Pope
Urban II declared a holy war in the East
and the Truce of God in the West.
– Turks had attacked the Byzantines in
the 11th century. The pope urged
Christians to take up arms against them
and other Muslims, and to recapture
Jerusalem and the Holy Land.
– This would assert his leadership in the
West, and to get the Christians in
western Europe to stop fighting each
other.
– In this speech, he referred to the
Muslims as “wicked” and promised
forgiveness of sins and heaven to
anyone who fought against them.
Implications of the Crusades
– The word “Crusade” makes
people think of a war between
Christians and Muslims. The
fact that the terrorists of
September 11, 2001, were
Muslim implied that Bush’s
statement had a similar
meaning. Some people
interpreted his statement as
indicating that the conflict
between the United States and
the Terrorists were based on
religious grounds, and would
lead to a holy war.
The Crusades (a little review)
The first Crusade was the most
successful because Christians were
able to capture the city of Jerusalem,
which was their mission.
In 1099, crusaders conquered
Jerusalem and forced Jews and
Muslims to convert to Christianity,
leave the city, or die.
Led by Saladin, sultan of Egypt, the
Muslims conquered Jerusalem and
most of the Holy Land in 1187.
Fighting continued in the Holy Land
between crusaders and Muslims, who
were fighting in the name of Allah.
ALL the Crusades shared the same
purpose: To Take back holy territory
from the Muslims.
The Crusades Continue…
• In the Fourth Crusade, crusaders got sidetracked and greedy
on their way to the Holy Land and ended up conquering and
plundering Constantinople, the Christian city they had
originally come to protect! (Schism Timeline)
• For the next 68 years, four more crusades were fought, but
the Holy Land remained under Muslim control.
• Crusaders had ruined much of the
land through which they traveled,
including many farms.
• Many knights that returned home
had lost their horses and money.
• Many crusaders never made it
home, leaving western Europe
with many widows and fatherless
children.
Three Faiths View of Jerusalem
• Why was Jerusalem so Dog Gone important!?
–To the Christians it was the Holy Land
where Jesus lived, lead others, and was
Crucified.
–To the Muslims it is where Muhammad
rose to heaven.
–To the Jews it was the site of Abrahams
attempted sacrifice of his son and God
saved him.
How the Crusades effected society
• Trade increased and port cities
became rich selling to the
Crusaders
• Sacking Constantinople weakened
the Byzantine Empire.
• Monarchs and Popes become more
powerful
How the Crusades effected society
• The Crusades resulted in attacks
on Jews
• Crusaders brought back ancient
Greek and Roman knowledge to
Europe.
• Technology advances and ships
and maps are made better.
How the Crusades effected society
• Trade increased and port cities
became rich selling to the
Crusaders
• Sacking Constantinople weakened
the Byzantine Empire.
• Monarchs and Popes become more
powerful
RECAP!!
• CRASH COURSE!
The Reconquista
• Christians and Muslims fought for
control of Spain for centuries!
• The goal was to retake Spain by
pushing out the Muslims.
• Though under the Muslims rule of
Spain, Art and scholarship
flourished. Cordoba had many
Reconquista
• Ferdinand and Isabella become rulers
of Spain in 1492
• They Expel the Jews from Spain in
the name of Religious unity! Even
the Muslims were more tolerant.
• Spanish Inquisition (Book)
• Muslims had built mosques all
throughout Spain, many remaining
today as museums
Reconquista
• Water is featured through much
of the architecture, due to the
Preciousness of it to the
Moors/Muslims.
• Soldiers who fought for Spain
were known as Conquistadores.
(Keep that in mind…They show
up again in the Future)
Done.