Transcript History of the Internet

Exploring the Internet
91.113-021
Instructor: Michael Krolak
91.113-031
Instructor: Patrick Krolak
See also http://www.cs.uml.edu/~pkrolak/
Authors: P. D. & M. S. Krolak Copyright 2005
Tonight
• The Internet
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Follow Up from Last Class
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Exploring the Internet
91.113
Topic: A Brief History of the Internet
P. D. Krolak & M.S. Krolak © 2005- 2010
First there was the idea . . .
Vannevar Bush
outlines the idea of
hypermedia in The
Atlantic Monthly in July
1945 in “As We May
Think”. He describes
a futuristic machine
called the Memex.
Source: http://folk.uio.no/arneal/Oblig2/MemexTitle.gif
What is the Internet?
“The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following
language reflects our definition of the term "Internet".
"Internet" refers to the global information system that -(i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space
based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent
extensions/follow-ons;
(ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent
extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and
(iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately,
high level services layered on the communications and related
infrastructure described herein."
Brief history of the Internet
1. Created as research network and to help the
nation survive a nuclear attack.
2. The university phase – major research schools
joined the net to share and communicate
research ideas.
3. People network when browsers made it easy for
the non geek to use it.
4. Commercial and government phase,i.e.
ecommerce and egovernment.
Brief history of the Internet (cont.)
5. Wireless and age of the intelligent machines,
smart houses, smart cars.
Wireless devices merge the telephone, the
computer, and the entertainment center.
Can be hand held like PDAs, Blackberries, etc. Can
be laptops.
Your car will soon have a local area network of
several hundred computers that will connect to
Web.
ENIAC- World’s First General
Purpose Programmable Computer
In the beginning . . . (Oct. 4, 1957)
… there was Sputnik,
and President Dwight
D. Eisenhower said,
“This is bad.” And so
he founded ARPA, the
Advanced Research
Projects Agency.
Source: NASA/JPL
What is ARPA?
Created "for the
direction or
performance of such
advanced projects in
the field of research
and development as
the Secretary of
Defense shall, from
time to time, designate
by individual project or
by category."
Source: http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html
The Visionary of the Internet
In August 1962, J.C.R.
Licklider, a VP at BBN,
describes the idea of a
“Galactic Network”. He
envisioned a globally
interconnected set of
computers through which
everyone could quickly
access data and
programs from any site.
A Vision of HyperText and HyperLinks
• In 1965, Ted Nelson gave
a presentation titled "A File
Structure for the Complex,
the Changing, and the
Indeterminate." Nelson
described to the scientific
community his
interconnected
"docuverse“, an idea
similar to Licklider’s
Gallactic Network.
• Nelson coined the term
"hypertext“ and “hyperlink”
What is HyperText?
hypertext
n.
1. The organization of information units into
connected associations that a user can choose to
make. An instance of such an association is
called a link or hypertext link or a hyperlink.
Source: http://www.indrum.com/planet/glossary.htm
What is ARPANET?
• August 30, 1969 –
ARPANET, the first
Wide Area Network, is
introduced. The first
manifestation of
ARPANET connected
four universities.
• Implements TCP/IP
and packet switching
Source: http://schools.keldysh.ru/sch444/MUSEUM/PICTURE/ARPANET.JPG
Networked Email
• Ray Tomlinson
sent the first
network email in
1971 using a
program called
SNDMSG
Source: http://openmap.bbn.com/%7Etomlinso/ray/ka10.html
CSNET
Dr. Lawrence Landweber
• 1980, NSF funds the
development of a network for
universities not doing research
for DARPA (previously known as
ARPA)
• Estimated one day to build
• Limited to computer science
departments because
commercial interests were
deemed impractical.
• Connected ARPANET and
CSNET
• 56 Kbps network
USENET
• Started in 1979 as a
“poor man’s ARPANET”
at Duke University.
• Postings to USENET are
called articles. Postings
are categorized into
newsgroups.
MILNET
• Started between 1983
and 1984, it separated
the Military part of
ARPANET from the
academics.
• Only carried
unclassified information
• Still exists today
Local Area Networks
• Local Area Networks (LANs) are computers
connected by a network and are close to each
other as in one building or collection of buildings.
BITNET
• Because It's Time Network
FIDONET
FidoNet was invented in
1984 by Tom Jennings
to move messages to
Bulletin Board Services
(BBS). The entire
system was done
through telephone calls
during the National Mail
Hour. It was organized
entirely by private
citizens.
NSFNET
• Created in 1985, it was a 1.5 Mbps (T1) network.
• ARPANET is shut down in 1990 and all of its
users are migrated to NSFNET
Archie, Veronica, and Jughead
• Before the web, Archie was a program for finding
anonymous ftp files on the Internet.
• The University of Minnesota created a pre-web
scheme find information on the Internet using
servers called ‘gophers’. Veronica and Jughead
were programs that performed the search.
The World Wide Web
(WWW) or the web
The web is a major change in the development of the
Internet. The creation of a browser tied to the hyperlinked
document allowed the non-technical person use the web
as a virtual library, an online shopping mall, and a means
of social interaction. These and a host of other applications
evolved in the relatively short space of a few years in the
mid-nineties.
Along Came the World Wide Web
• Tim Berners-Lee
created the concept of
documents located all
over the Internet linked
by highlighted text
within the documents,
i.e. the web.
• Work done at CERN,
the European
Laboratory of Particle
Physics Lab.
The First Popular Browser: Mosaic
The Global Picture by 1995
And along came Netscape . . .
• In 1993, making $6.85
an hour working at the
University of Illinois at
Urbana Champlain.
• By the end of 1995,
he was worth over
$170 million
Source: http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-03-09-internet_x.htm
Never to be outdone
• In 1975, Bill Gates drops
out of Harvard University.
• Nov. 16, 1995, Goldman,
Sachs & Co. removed
Microsoft's stock from its
“recommended for
purchase” list.
• Turns Microsoft around
and becomes wealthiest
man in the world.
Open Source Goes Mainstream
• Linus Torvalds, a Finnish
college student, creates Linux,
an open source version of
UNIX in 1991.
• Soon a worldwide network of
programmers began
developing features and using
Linux.
• Linux, a free Operating
System, rivals Microsoft in Web
Servers.
• In June 2002, Steve Balmer of
Microsoft states, "Linux is a
cancer that attaches itself in an
intellectual property sense to
everything it touches."
Google
• Google began in January
1996 as a research
project by Larry Page and
Sergey Brin when they
were both PhD students
at Stanford University in
California
• Google’s search engine
ranks page importance by
links to it
Larry Page and Sergey Brin
Google co-founders
Yahoo!
“The two founders of Yahoo!, David Filo and
Jerry Yang, Ph.D. candidates in Electrical
Engineering at Stanford University, started
their guide in a campus trailer in February
1994 as a way to keep track of their personal
interests on the Internet. Before long they
were spending more time on their homebrewed lists of favorite links than on their
doctoral dissertations. Eventually, Jerry and
David's lists became too long and unwieldy,
and they broke them out into categories.
When the categories became too full, they
developed subcategories ... and the core
concept behind Yahoo! was born.
The Web site started out as "Jerry and David's
Guide to the World Wide Web" but eventually
received a new moniker with the help of a
dictionary. The name Yahoo! is an acronym for
"Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle“
Source: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/misc/history.html
Amazon.com
• Jeff Bezos, a former hedge
fund manager and Vice
President for Bankers Trust
Company, founds
Amazon.com in his garage in
1995.
• After a thorough analysis of
the mail order industry, Bezos
discovered that there did not
exist a dominant mail order
catalogue for books.
• By 1997, the market
capitalization of Amazon.com
was worth more than the two
largest competitors, Barnes
and Nobles and Border’s
Books, combined.
Source: http://www.webplanet.ru/upimg/1076.jpg
Craigslist
Craig Newmark
Craigslist founder
• Craigslist is a centralized
network of online
communities, featuring
free online classified
advertisements
• The site serves over
twenty billion page views
per month, putting it in
33rd place overall among
web sites worldwide and
7th place overall among
web sites in the United
States (2010)
Ebay
• Starting out as an online
auction site in 1995 and
went public in 1998.
Making instant Billionaires
out of its founders.
• It added Buy It Now for
people who wanted to get
the item immediately.
• In 2002 it bought PayPal
Wikipedia
Jimmy Wales
Wikipedia founder
Dotcom Boom
• Investors dumped $30 billion into dot-com
startups in 2000
• One million new web pages a day
• Founders who were bought out early made
fortunes overnight.
• Advent of day traders
Napster
In 1999, Shawn
Fanning, an 18-year-old
Northeastern University
dropout worked for days
without sleep in his
uncle's office creating
Napster
Source: http://www.time.com/time/poy2000/pwm/fanning.html
Dotcom Bust
• March 10th, 2000
• Two years later the tech heavy NASDAQ index
(above) was almost less than two fifth’s of its price.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png
Bert is Evil
• In the aftermath
of 9/11,
bertisevil.com
gets strange
form of
advertising : an
Osama bin
Laden rally.
Apple Strikes Back
• Steve Jobs releases
iTunes for the Mac and
Windows.
• The majority of Apple
profits begin coming
from iTunes.
• iTunes released as part
of a cell phone.
FireFox Released
• A free, cross-platform,
open-source,
graphical web browser
developed by the
Mozilla Foundation
released in November
9, 2004
• No Spyware reported.
Youtube
• YouTube is a videosharing website on which
users can upload, share,
and view videos. YouTube
was created in February
2005.
• In November 2006,
YouTube, LLC was
bought by Google Inc. for
$1.65 billion,
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube
Chad Hurley and Steve Chen
2 of the YouTube founders
Social Networking
The rise in social networking is changing
the way we communicate. Digital data
traffic volume now exceeds voice.
MySpace
Facebook
Mark Zuckerberg
Facebook founder
Twitter
Evan Williams
Blogger and Twitter founder
Facebook and Twitter Growth
• Social Media. Facebook user base has risen to
430 million year-over-year, roughly the same
increase as QQ in China.
• Twitter, while sporting only 58 million users
experienced a 1238% year-over-year growth rate.
• Facebook now dominates in chat, messaging,
video sharing, games, VoIP and more.
Source: Massive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report —
MobileBeyond http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-revealsmassive-mobile-internet-growth/#ixzz0zWI5cnuU
Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives
Social Network Traffic
Social Media Revolution
The Age of the Wireless
Internet
Wireless devices connected to the
internet opens whole new applications
from intelligent phones and cars, mobile
robots, and smart sensors.
Mobile Web Growth in 2010
• The mobile Internet is growing faster and will be bigger than the
desktop Internet did due to five converging technologies and social
adoption trends: 3G, social networking, video, VoIP and
impressive mobile devices.
• Use of the mobile Internet is driving mobile device growth
exponentially faster that any previous computing technology.
Mobile Internet devices (MID’s) could reach 10 (ten) BILLION
units in 2010.
• New companies often win big as emerging technologies create
wealth. For example, HP rose in the 70′s as mini-computers
dominated; the same with Apple, Microsoft and Cisco when
personal computers grabbed markets in the 80′s; and Google,
Amazon and Baidu upon the appearance of desktop Internet
computing in the 90′s. Who will be the rising stars as the mobile
Internet crushes older technologies?
Source: Massive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond
http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive-mobile-internetgrowth/#ixzz0zWFjQanc
Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives
Growing Dominance of Data Traffic
• Mobile phones are now all about data as voice
usage drops: 70% voice for an average cell
phone, 45% voice for the iPhone.
• This is true in most developed nations, including
Japan, where voice traffic is declining 2% a year.
Web browsing on the mobile Internet is highly
bandwidth intensive.
Source: Massive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond
http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive-mobile-internetgrowth/#ixzz0zWLO9XZu
Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives
What is 3G (3rd Generation
Wireless)?
3G Market share 2010
• 3G subscriber penetration exceeds 20% in 2010 (the
“sweet spot”) and grows to over 40% by 2014,
concentrated in developed nations. U.S. has overtaken
Japan in 3G user base.
• While 3G growth is substantial, other wireless
technologies–GPS, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth–are growing at
the same rate or faster than 3G.
Source: Massive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report — MobileBeyond
http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massive-mobile-internetgrowth/#ixzz0zWKTtMzk
Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives
What is 4G (4th Generation Wireless)?
Video and other Apps Fuel Growth
• While consumers have preferred desktop video delivery, mobile
usage will likely follow, as YouTube, Hulu and other Internet
streaming devices, such as the Roku Video Player deliver video on
increasingly faster wired and wireless networks. (Internet
streaming video potentially a direct threat to cable and satellite
content delivery.)
• Incredible stat. “If VoIP leader Skype were a carrier, it would be
the largest carrier in the world with 521 million registered users.
• iPhone and Android mobile usage share is much higher than
shipment share due, mostly, to the growth of available
applications, blowing apps for BlackBerry, Windows, Palm, Nokia,
Samsung, LG and Sony Ericsson out of the water.
Source: Massive Mobile Internet Growth Revealed in Research Report —
MobileBeyond http://mobilebeyond.net/mobile-internet-research-report-reveals-massivemobile-internet-growth/#ixzz0zWMEL224
Under Creative Commons License: Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives
Take-Aways
•
•
•
•
•
Hypermedia
Packet Switching
HTTP
World Wide Web
Wide Area Network
(WAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Browser Wars
• Peer to Peer Software
•
•
•
•
•
Meow Wars
USENET
Newsgroup
Email
Dotcoms
References
Bush, Vannevar “The Atlantic Monthly” July 1945
“As We May Think” republished at
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~jod/texts/vannevar.bu
sh.html
http://www.businessweek.com/1996/29/b34842.htm