Transcript History of the Internet

Exploring the Internet
91.113-021
Instructor: Michael Krolak
91.113-031
Instructor: Patrick Krolak
See also http://www.cs.uml.edu/~pkrolak/
Authors: P. D. & M. S. Krolak Copyright 2005
Tonight
• The Internet
Source http://www.xenophilia.com/pics/fmobbury.gif
Class Announcements
• Class Notes Have been
posted.
Follow Up from Last Class
Source:
Exploring the Internet
91.113
Topic: A Brief History of the Internet
P. D. Krolak & M.S. Krolak © 2005
First there was the idea . . .
Vannevar Bush
outlines the idea of
hypermedia in The
Atlantic Monthly in July
1945 in “As We May
Think”. He describes
a futuristic machine
called the Memex.
Source: http://folk.uio.no/arneal/Oblig2/MemexTitle.gif
Brief history of the Internet
1. Created as research network and to help the
nation survive a nuclear attack.
2. The university phase – major research schools
joined the net to share and communicate
research ideas.
3. People network when browsers made it easy for
the non geek to use it.
4. Commercial and government phase,i.e.
ecommerce and egovernment.
Brief history of the Internet (cont.)
5. Wireless and age of the intelligent machines,
smart houses, smart cars.
Wireless devices merge the telephone, the
computer, and the entertainment center.
Can be hand held like PDAs, Blackberries, etc. Can
be laptops.
Your car will soon have a local area network of
several hundred computers that will connect to
Web.
ENIAC- World’s First General
Purpose Programmable Computer
In the beginning . . . (Oct. 4, 1957)
… there was Sputnik,
and President Dwight
D. Eisenhower said,
“This is bad.” And so
he founded ARPA, the
Advanced Research
Projects Agency.
Source: NASA/JPL
What is ARPA?
Created "for the
direction or
performance of such
advanced projects in
the field of research
and development as
the Secretary of
Defense shall, from
time to time, designate
by individual project or
by category."
Source: http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html
The Visionary of the Internet
In August 1962, J.C.R.
Licklider, a VP at BBN,
describes the idea of a
“Galactic Network”. He
envisioned a globally
interconnected set of
computers through which
everyone could quickly
access data and
programs from any site.
A Vision of HyperText and HyperLinks
• In 1965, Ted Nelson gave
a presentation titled "A File
Structure for the Complex,
the Changing, and the
Indeterminate." Nelson
described to the scientific
community his
interconnected
"docuverse“, an idea
similar to Licklider’s
Gallactic Network.
• Nelson coined the term
"hypertext“ and “hyperlink”
What is HyperText?
hypertext
n.
1. The organization of information units into
connected associations that a user can choose to
make. An instance of such an association is
called a link or hypertext link or a hyperlink.
Source: http://www.indrum.com/planet/glossary.htm
What is ARPANET?
• August 30, 1969 –
ARPANET, the first
Wide Area Network, is
introduced. The first
manifestation of
ARPANET connected
four universities.
• Implements TCP/IP
and packet switching
Source: http://schools.keldysh.ru/sch444/MUSEUM/PICTURE/ARPANET.JPG
Networked Email
• Ray Tomlinson
sent the first
network email in
1971 using a
program called
SNDMSG
Source: http://openmap.bbn.com/%7Etomlinso/ray/ka10.html
CSNET
Dr. Lawrence Landweber
• 1980, NSF funds the
development of a network for
universities not doing research
for DARPA (previously known as
ARPA)
• Estimated one day to build
• Limited to computer science
departments because
commercial interests were
deemed impractical.
• Connected ARPANET and
CSNET
• 56 Kbps network
USENET
• Started in 1979 as a
“poor man’s ARPANET”
at Duke University.
• Postings to USENET are
called articles. Postings
are categorized into
newsgroups.
MILNET
• Started between 1983
and 1984, it separated
the Military part of
ARPANET from the
academics.
• Only carried
unclassified information
• Still exists today
Local Area Networks
• Local Area Networks (LANs) are computers
connected by a network and are close to each
other as in one building or collection of buildings.
BITNET
• Because It's Time Network
FIDONET
FidoNet was invented in
1984 by Tom Jennings
to move messages to
Bulletin Board Services
(BBS). The entire
system was done
through telephone calls
during the National Mail
Hour. It was organized
entirely by private
citizens.
NSFNET
• Created in 1985, it was a 1.5 Mbps (T1) network.
• ARPANET is shut down in 1990 and all of its
users are migrated to NSFNET
Archie, Veronica, and Jughead
• Before the web, Archie was a program for finding
anonymous ftp files on the Internet.
• The University of Minnesota created a pre-web
scheme find information on the Internet using
servers called ‘gophers’. Veronica and Jughead
were programs that performed the search.
The World Wide Web
(WWW) or the web
The web is a major change in the development of the
Internet. The creation of a browser tied to the hyperlinked
document allowed the non-technical person use the web
as a virtual library, an online shopping mall, and a means
of social interaction. These and a host of other applications
evolved in the relatively short space of a few years in the
mid-nineties.
Along Came the World Wide Web
• Tim Berners-Lee
created the concept of
documents located all
over the Internet linked
by highlighted text
within the documents,
i.e. the web.
• Work done at CERN,
the European
Laboratory of Particle
Physics Lab.
The First Popular Browser: Mosaic
The Global Picture by 1995
And along came Netscape . . .
• In 1993, making $6.85
an hour working at the
University of Illinois at
Urbana Champlain.
• By the end of 1995,
he was worth over
$170 million
Source: http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-03-09-internet_x.htm
Never to be outdone
• In 1975, Bill Gates drops
out of Harvard University.
• Nov. 16, 1995, Goldman,
Sachs & Co. removed
Microsoft's stock from its
“recommended for
purchase” list.
• Turns Microsoft around
and becomes wealthiest
man in the world.
Open Source Goes Mainstream
• Linus Torvalds, a Finnish
college student, creates Linux,
an open source version of
UNIX in 1991.
• Soon a worldwide network of
programmers began
developing features and using
Linux.
• Linux, a free Operating
System, rivals Microsoft in Web
Servers.
• In June 2002, Steve Balmer of
Microsoft states, "Linux is a
cancer that attaches itself in an
intellectual property sense to
everything it touches."
The Meow Wars on USENET
"I suggest that we start
either posting or
crossposting to
alt.tv.beavis-n-butthead. I
also suggest that we use
big words and perfect
grammar, and refuse to
write as the young ruffians
in question speak.
This could lead to some
interesting 'dialogue.' “
-Matt Bruce
Source: http://madfishwillies.mu.nu/archives/016097.html
Yahoo!
“The two founders of Yahoo!, David Filo and
Jerry Yang, Ph.D. candidates in Electrical
Engineering at Stanford University, started
their guide in a campus trailer in February
1994 as a way to keep track of their personal
interests on the Internet. Before long they
were spending more time on their homebrewed lists of favorite links than on their
doctoral dissertations. Eventually, Jerry and
David's lists became too long and unwieldy,
and they broke them out into categories.
When the categories became too full, they
developed subcategories ... and the core
concept behind Yahoo! was born.
The Web site started out as "Jerry and David's
Guide to the World Wide Web" but eventually
received a new moniker with the help of a
dictionary. The name Yahoo! is an acronym for
"Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle“
Source: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/misc/history.html
Amazon.com
• Jeff Bezos, a former hedge
fund manager and Vice
President for Bankers Trust
Company, founds
Amazon.com in his garage in
1995.
• After a thorough analysis of
the mail order industry, Bezos
discovered that there did not
exist a dominant mail order
catalogue for books.
• By 1997, the market
capitalization of Amazon.com
was worth more than the two
largest competitors, Barnes
and Nobles and Border’s
Books, combined.
Source: http://www.webplanet.ru/upimg/1076.jpg
Dotcom Boom
• Investors dumped $30 billion into dot-com
startups in 2000
• One million new web pages a day
• Founders who were bought out early made
fortunes overnight.
• Advent of day traders
Napster
In 1999, Shawn
Fanning, an 18-year-old
Northeastern University
dropout worked for days
without sleep in his
uncle's office creating
Napster
Source: http://www.time.com/time/poy2000/pwm/fanning.html
Dotcom Bust
• March 10th, 2000
• Two years later the tech heavy NASDAQ index
(above) was almost less than two fifth’s of its price.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png
Bert is Evil
• In the aftermath
of 9/11,
bertisevil.com
gets strange
form of
advertising : an
Osama bin
Laden rally.
Apple Strikes Back
• Steve Jobs releases
iTunes for the Mac and
Windows.
• The majority of Apple
profits begin coming
from iTunes.
• iTunes recently released
as part of a cell phone.
FireFox Released
• A free, cross-platform,
open-source,
graphical web browser
developed by the
Mozilla Foundation
released in November
9, 2004
• No Spyware reported.
What is the Internet?
“The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following
language reflects our definition of the term "Internet".
"Internet" refers to the global information system that -(i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space
based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent
extensions/follow-ons;
(ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent
extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and
(iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately,
high level services layered on the communications and related
infrastructure described herein."
Take-Aways
•
•
•
•
•
Hypermedia
Packet Switching
HTTP
World Wide Web
Wide Area Network
(WAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Browser Wars
• Peer to Peer Software
•
•
•
•
•
Meow Wars
USENET
Newsgroup
Email
Dotcoms
References
Bush, Vannevar “The Atlantic Monthly” July 1945
“As We May Think” republished at
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~jod/texts/vannevar.bu
sh.html
http://www.businessweek.com/1996/29/b34842.htm