Transcript Class2TheHistoryoftheInternet

Exploring the Internet
91.113-021
Instructor: Michael Krolak
Tonight
• Roll Call
• Blog Reading
• Discussion: The History and Definition of the
Internet
• Lab: Creating your home page with N|VU
The Blog of the Week:
“The possibilities of exploring the Internet in our life time
let alone in one course is probably impossible. The
Internet effects our lives in all different ways, some good
and some bad. I compare the Internet to space; there’s
no point asking about the how comes or what ifs. I don’t
think the Internet will ever be regulated to protect the
innocent. Its too invisible and the possibilities are
endless. The evolution of the Internet is a phenomenon
in itself. I feel that the better technology gets the
worse we are. It almost seems that humans are
becoming extinct and machines are the way of the
future. Our lifestyles are evolving to be machine
dependant. We could never go back to life before the
computer or the Net. Laziness is a natural trait and the
invention of the Internet was a dream come true.”
Judge Roberts Confirmation
“Since you've talked about the Internet, let me turn to a
disturbing trend in regards to the Internet. And that has, quite
frankly, to do with pornography.
We have passed several bills in Congress -- Communications
Decency Act -- to protect our children. The Supreme Court
struck it down. I'm not going to ask you to comment about
that.
A few years later, we passed the Child Online Protection Act,
again, with the intent to protect our children. Again, the court
struck it down.
Unlike the traditional public square, the Internet has really
become a place for the distribution of some, I find, very
troubling material, and that is pornography.
….
Few of us would march our sons and daughter off to war to
preserve the citizens' right to see, quote, 'specified sexual
activities,' end of quote, exhibited in the theaters of our choice,
end of quote”
- Sen. Michael DeWine (R-Ohio)
Top 10 Searches of the Week
1. Hurricane Katrina
2. Poker
3. Labor Day
4. Britney Spears
5. Pam Anderson
6. NFL
7. New Orleans
8. Paris Hilton
9. Neopets
10.Dragonball
Source: http://50.lycos.com
What is the Internet?
“The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following
language reflects our definition of the term "Internet".
"Internet" refers to the global information system that -(i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space
based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent
extensions/follow-ons;
(ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent
extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and
(iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately,
high level services layered on the communications and related
infrastructure described herein."
First there was the idea . . .
Vannevar Bush
outlines the idea of
hypermedia in The
Atlantic Monthly in July
1945 in “As We May
Think”. He describes
a futuristic machine
called the Memex.
Source: http://folk.uio.no/arneal/Oblig2/MemexTitle.gif
ENIAC- World’s First General
Purpose Programmable Computer
In the beginning . . . (Oct. 4, 1957)
… there was Sputnik,
and President Dwight
D. Eisenhower said,
“This is bad.” And so
he founded ARPA, the
Advanced Research
Projects Agency.
Source: NASA/JPL
What is ARPA?
Created "for the
direction or
performance of such
advanced projects in
the field of research
and development as
the Secretary of
Defense shall, from
time to time, designate
by individual project or
by category."
Source: http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html
The Visionary of the Internet
In August 1962, J.C.R.
Licklider, a VP at BBN,
describes the idea of a
“Galactic Network”. He
envisioned a globally
interconnected set of
computers through which
everyone could quickly
access data and
programs from any site.
A Vision of HyperText and HyperLinks
• In 1965, Ted Nelson gave
a presentation titled "A File
Structure for the Complex,
the Changing, and the
Indeterminate." Nelson
described to the scientific
community his
interconnected
"docuverse“, an idea
similar to Licklider’s
Gallactic Network.
• Nelson coined the term
"hypertext“ and “hyperlink”
What is HyperText?
hypertext
n.
1. The organization of information units into
connected associations that a user can choose to
make. An instance of such an association is
called a link or hypertext link or a hyperlink.
Source: http://www.indrum.com/planet/glossary.htm
What is ARPANET?
• August 30, 1969 –
ARPANET, the first
Wide Area Network, is
introduced. The first
manifestation of
ARPANET connected
four universities.
• Implements TCP/IP
and packet switching
Source: http://schools.keldysh.ru/sch444/MUSEUM/PICTURE/ARPANET.JPG
Networked Email
• Ray Tomlinson
sent the first
network email in
1971 using a
program called
SNDMSG
Source: http://openmap.bbn.com/%7Etomlinso/ray/ka10.html
CSNET
Dr. Lawrence Landweber
• 1980, NSF funds the
development of a network for
universities not doing research
for DARPA (previously known as
ARPA)
• Estimated one day to build
• Limited to computer science
departments because
commercial interests were
deemed impractical.
• Connected ARPANET and
CSNET
• 56 Kbps network
USENET
• Started in 1979 as a
“poor man’s ARPANET”
at Duke University.
• Postings to USENET are
called articles. Postings
are categorized into
newsgroups.
MILNET
• Started between 1983
and 1984, it separated
the Military part of
ARPANET from the
academics.
• Only carried
unclassified information
• Still exists today
FIDONET
FidoNet was invented in
1984 by Tom Jennings
to move messages to
Bulletin Board Services
(BBS). The entire
system was done
through telephone calls
during the National Mail
Hour. It was organized
entirely by private
citizens.
Along Came the World Wide Web
• Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a
physicist at CERN, developed
the first web browser,
WorldWideWeb. He later
renamed the browser Nexus.
• Author of the first website:
http://nxoc01.cern.ch/hypertext
/WWW/TheProject.html
• Alternative names he
considered naming the Web
– Mine of Information (MOI)
– The Information Mine (TIM)
– Information Mesh
The First Popular Browser: Mosaic
And along came Netscape . . .
• In 1993, Marc
Andreessen was
making $6.85 an hour
working at the
University of Illinois at
Urbana Champlain.
• By the end of 1995,
he was worth over
$170 million
Source: http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-03-09-internet_x.htm
Never to be outdone
• In 1975, Bill Gates drops
out of Harvard University
and starts Microsoft.
• Nov. 16, 1995, Goldman,
Sachs & Co. removed
Microsoft's stock from its
“recommended for
purchase” list.
• Turns Microsoft around
and becomes wealthiest
man in the world.
Open Source Goes Mainstream
• Linus Torvalds, a Finnish
college student, creates Linux,
an open source version of
UNIX in 1991.
• Soon a worldwide network of
programmers began
developing features and using
Linux.
• Linux, a free Operating
System, rivals Microsoft in Web
Servers.
• In June 2002, Steve Balmer of
Microsoft states, "Linux is a
cancer that attaches itself in an
intellectual property sense to
everything it touches."
The Meow Wars on USENET
"I suggest that we start
either posting or
crossposting to
alt.tv.beavis-n-butthead. I
also suggest that we use
big words and perfect
grammar, and refuse to
write as the young ruffians
in question speak.
This could lead to some
interesting 'dialogue.' “
-Matt Bruce
Source: http://madfishwillies.mu.nu/archives/016097.html
Yahoo!
“The two founders of Yahoo!, David Filo and
Jerry Yang, Ph.D. candidates in Electrical
Engineering at Stanford University, started
their guide in a campus trailer in February
1994 as a way to keep track of their personal
interests on the Internet. Before long they
were spending more time on their homebrewed lists of favorite links than on their
doctoral dissertations. Eventually, Jerry and
David's lists became too long and unwieldy,
and they broke them out into categories.
When the categories became too full, they
developed subcategories ... and the core
concept behind Yahoo! was born.
The Web site started out as "Jerry and David's
Guide to the World Wide Web" but eventually
received a new moniker with the help of a
dictionary. The name Yahoo! is an acronym for
"Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle“
Source: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/misc/history.html
Amazon.com
• Jeff Bezos, a former hedge
fund manager and Vice
President for Bankers Trust
Company, founds
Amazon.com in his garage in
1995.
• After a thorough analysis of
the mail order industry, Bezos
discovered that there did not
exist a dominant mail order
catalogue for books.
• By 1997, the market
capitalization of Amazon.com
was worth more than the two
largest competitors, Barnes
and Nobles and Border’s
Books, combined.
Source: http://www.webplanet.ru/upimg/1076.jpg
Dotcom Boom
• Investors dumped $30 billion into dot-com
startups in 2000
• One million new web pages a day
• Founders who were bought out early made
fortunes overnight.
• Advent of day traders
Napster
In 1999, Shawn
Fanning, an 18-year-old
Northeastern University
dropout worked for days
without sleep in his
uncle's office creating
Napster
Source: http://www.time.com/time/poy2000/pwm/fanning.html
Dotcom Bust
• March 10th, 2000
• Two years later the tech heavy NASDAQ index was
almost less than one fifth of its price.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png
Bert is Evil
• In the aftermath
of 9/11,
bertisevil.com
gets strange
form of
advertising : an
Osama bin
Laden rally.
Apple Strikes Back
• Steve Jobs releases
iTunes for the Mac and
Windows.
• The majority of Apple
profits begin coming
from iTunes.
• iTunes recently released
as part of a cell phone.
FireFox Released
• A free, cross-platform,
open-source,
graphical web browser
developed by the
Mozilla Foundation
released in November
9, 2004
• No Spyware reported.
Take-Aways
•
•
•
•
•
Hypermedia
Packet Switching
HTTP
World Wide Web
Wide Area Network
(WAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Browser Wars
• Peer to Peer Software
•
•
•
•
•
Meow Wars
USENET
Newsgroup
Email
Dotcoms
References
Bush, Vannevar “The Atlantic Monthly” July 1945
“As We May Think” republished at
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~jod/texts/vannevar.bu
sh.html
http://www.businessweek.com/1996/29/b34842.htm
What is N|VU?
nvu (pronounced N-view)
1. A complete Web Authoring System that
combines web file management and easy-to-use
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) web
page editing. Nvu is designed to be extremely
easy to use, making it ideal for non-technical
computer users who want to create an attractive,
professional-looking web site without needing to
know HTML or web coding.
Downloading N|VU
• Instructions for downloading N|VU are located at
the class’ blog:
http://ExploringTheInternet.BlogSpot.com
• Or you can just go to:
http://cvs.nvu.com/download/nvu-1.0-win32-installer-full.exe
Opening your web page on N|VU
Enter the location of your web page
Opening your Publishing Settings
Site Settings
Remember: Your username is your first initial and last name and 113. So
JohnSmith would have a http address of http://ceweb.uml.edu/jsmith113 , a ftp
site of ftp://ceweb.uml.edu and a username of jsmith113