Transcript History of Computers - The Early Days

Definition of a Computer
Information Processor
 Input and Output
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Definition of Modern Computer
Inputs, outputs, processes and stores
information
 Physical: Keyboard, monitor, etc. – are
these necessary components?
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History of Computers - Long, Long
Ago
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beads on rods to count and calculate
still widely used in Asia
History of Computers - Way Back
When
Slide Rule 1630
based on Napier’s rules for
logarithms
used until 1970s
History of Computers - 19th
Century
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Joseph Marie Jacquard
First stored program metal cards
Did no computing
first computer
manufacturing
still in use today!
Charles Babbage - 1792-1871
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Difference Engine c.1822
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huge calculator, never
finished
Analytical Engine 1833
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could store numbers
calculating “mill” used
punched metal cards for
instructions
powered by steam!
accurate to six decimal places
Inspiration for Herman
Hollerith for 1890 census
Discussion Question
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What was the biggest advance that led to
modern computers?
Electricity
 Transistor
 Microchip
 Data storage
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Vacuum Tubes - 1941 - 1956
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First Generation Electronic
Computers used Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum tubes are glass tubes
with circuits inside.
Vacuum tubes have no air inside
of them, which protects the
circuitry.
UNIVAC – 1950-51
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first fully electronic digital
computer built in the U.S.
Created at the University of
Pennsylvania
contained 18,000 vacuum
tubes
Cost $487,000
ENIAC that preceded it
(late 1940s) weighed 30
tons
Grace Hopper (1906-1992)
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Programmed UNIVAC
Recipient of Computer
Science’s first “Man of the
Year Award”
First compiler for a
computer programming
language, led to COBOL
First Transistor
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Used Silicon (semiconductor
developed in 1948
won a Nobel prize
on-off switch
2nd Generation Computers
used Transistors, starting in
1956
Second Generation – 19651963
1956 – Computers began to incorporate
Transistors
 Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
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Integrated Circuits
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Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits
(chips).
Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and
capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”
First one made by Texas Instruments in 1958
Operating System
Software – Instructions for Computer
 ‘Operating system’ is set of instructions
loaded each time a computer is started
 ‘Program’ is instructions loaded when
needed
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Third Generation – 1964-1971
1964-1971
 Integrated Circuit
 Operating System
 Getting smaller, cheaper
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The First Microprocessor –
1971
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The 4004 had 2,250
transistors
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four-bit chunks (four 1’s or
0’s)
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108Khz
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Called “Microchip”
What is a Microchip?
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Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit
(VLSIC)
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Transistors, resistors, and capacitors
4004 had 2,250 transistors
 Pentium IV had 42 MILLION transistors
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Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters)
4th Generation – began 1971
MICROCHIPS!
 Getting smaller and smaller, but we are
still using microchip technology
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Birth of Personal Computers - 1975
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256 byte memory (not
Kilobytes or Megabytes)
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2 MHz Intel 8080 chips
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Just a box with flashing
lights
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cost $395 kit, $495
assembled.
Generations of Electronic
Computers
First
Generation
Technology Vacuum
Tubes
Second
Gen.
Transistors
Size
Filled half a
room
Filled Whole
Buildings
Third
Gen.
Integrated
Circuits
(multiple
transistors)
Smaller
Fourth Gen.
Microchips
(millions of
transistors)
Tiny - Palm
Pilot is as
power ful as
old building
sized
computer
Over the past 50 years, the Electronic
Computer has evolved rapidly.
Connections:
 Which evolved from the other, which
was an entirely new creation
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vacuum tube
integrated circuit
transistor
microchip
Evolution of Electronics
Integrated
Circuit
Transistor
Vacuum
Tube
Microchip
(VLSIC)
Evolution of Electronics
Vacuum Tube – a dinosaur without a
modern lineage
 Transistor  Integrated Circuit 
Microchip
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First Mass Market PC
IBM PC - 1981
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IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
First wide-selling personal computer
used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
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4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random Access
Memory) standard
One or two floppy disk drives
Open architecture
Apple Computers
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Founded 1977
Apple II released 1977
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widely used in schools
Macintosh (left)
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released in 1984, Motorola
68000 Microchip processor
first commercial computer with
graphical user interface (GUI)
and pointing device (mouse)
The first GUI?
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XEROX PARC
Today: 2014
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Traditionally Intel divides the Core platform into three
segments--Core i3 at the low end, Core i5 for the
midrange, and Core i7 at the high end.
Following that designation is a model number. You may
also see a suffix at the end of the model number: K for
unlocked processors, S for “performance-optimized”
processors, or T for “power-optimized” processors. The
S and T variants are generally for OEM use only--expect
to see them in desktops and laptops on retail shelves. An
unlocked, higher-end Ivy Bridge CPU, for example, could
be named the Intel Core i7-3770K.
1990s: Pentiums and Power
Macs
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Early 1990s began penetration of computers into every
niche: every desk, most homes, etc.
Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this
Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs”
Macs became more PC compatible - easy file transfers
Apple effort at licensing OS (Power Computing)
Mac conversion to Intel chip
Prices have plummeted
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$2000 for entry level to $400-$500
$6000 for top of line to $1000-$1500
21st Century Computing
Great increases in speed, storage, and
memory
 Increased networking, speed in Internet
 Broadband growth
 Netbooks / iPad / tablets
 Smart Phones
 Impact of touch technology
 3G to 4G (3-5 Mbps / 8-10 Mbps)
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What’s next for computers?
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Use your imagination to come up with what the
coming years hold for computers.
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What can we expect in two years?
What can we expect in twenty years?
Voice interface?
Cloud computing growth
True ubiquity?
Interface to almost all activities?
Internet & WWW
Internet Overview
G Advanced Research Projects Agency
G Pentagon / University relationship
G LANs and WANs
G Single location / wide geographic area
G ARPANET combined with LANs and
WANs became the Internet in 1983
G TCP/IP protocol (Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf)
G Packet switching and IP addresses
Domain Name System (DNS)
IP address 158.135.172.2
Text-based DNS translates human language into the
computer’s ‘phone number’
TLD -- .com , .net, .edu
ccTLD -- country code -- .ca , .uk (list)
Determined by IANA, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Organizational identifier – tamuc , google
Domain names administered by ICANN -- Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
Buy domains from registrars (Mad Dog, GoDaddy,
1and1
Basics
Web server holds web site
‘web server’ software
Main page is index.html
Html in file interpreted by browser
Connectons in page are internal or
external
Web site creation / hosting
Wix, Raptor, Dreamweaver, Cascade
CMS
Programs on the Internet…
WWW -- Tim Berners-Lee devised HTML
language which led to Mosaic
A browser interprets the HTML
Web page creation...
XML--extensible markup language
SOAP--simple objects access protocol (based on
XML
XHTML--another form of XML
VRML
Now HTML5
App creation iOS / xCode
Programs on the Internet…
E-mail
Newsgroups / Usenet (link)
Chat / IM (AIM, iChat, Meebo)
Telnet (link)
FTP (Fetch, etc.)
Internet Phone (Skype, Google Voice)
Web 2.0 (blogs, Second Life,
podcasts…) Video streams (Bittorent,
Veoh, Hulu, clicker)
What’s going on today…
Blogs / moblogs / vlogs
Journalism / bloggers
RSS feeds
Podcasts, etc. / newsreader software
New economic models -- Google
Legal issues -- RIAA, MPAA, SoundExchange
Other issues
Malware, Digital Divide, charging fees to Internet
sites, net neutrality (Comcast)
Web 2.0?
Google Docs (YouTube ‘tutorial’) / Drive
Apple OS X Leopard / Snow Leopard / Lion /
Mountain Lion
What is ‘Digital Media’? / New Media -Canada DMS
What is ‘Internet 2’?
Increase speeds
Spread technologies and applications
Take advantage of digital libraries, virtual
laboratories, tele-immersion
What is Web 2.0?
Semantic Web
Web 2.0
What is…
Digg?
Stumble Upon?
Photobucket?
Jumpcut?
The WayBack Machine?
The Machine is using us?
Otherwise going on…………. ?
Mobile Computing Devices
PDAs
(personal digital assistant – ‘Newton’)
Functions / changes through the years
GPS
Vehicle fixed / portable
Satellite connection vs. most others
Cell Phones
iPhone example (smart phone)
Portable Video Games
GameBoy, Nintendo DS, Sony PSP / music, movies
Ultra Mobile PCs -- Origami / Microsoft (site)
CES -- Microsoft focus on touch technologies
Wearable Computers?
Tablets
Broadcasting vs. streaming
DTV – multicasting
DVB-H (digital video broadcasting handheld) standard for broadcasting to
handsets
DMB (digital multimedia broadcasting)
for multimedia broadcasting -- not
available in North America
Streaming allows VOD -- AT&T Mobile
(MediaFlo), Verizon (ending 12/2012)
Backseat TV
Developing Technologies
3G / 4G cell phones -- packet and circuit switching
Wi-Fi
802.11 and 802.11x refers to a family of specifications
developed by the IEEE for wireless LAN technology.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
pronounced I-triple-E
WiMax
Also known as IEEE 802.16--intended for wireless
"metropolitan area networks". Provides broadband
wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed
stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations.
WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited
in most cases to only 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100m).
Why 802?
The 802 group is the section of the IEEE
involved in network operations and
technologies, including mid-sized networks
and local networks. Group 15 deals
specifically with wireless networking
technologies, and includes the now
ubiquitous 802.15.1 working group, which is
also known as Bluetooth.
Developing Technologies
Bluetooth
Name comes from Harald Bluetooth, king of Denmark in the
late 900s
There are lots of different ways that electronic devices can
connect to one another--Component cables, Electrical
wires, Ethernet cables, WiFi, Infrared signals…
Bluetooth is essentially a networking standard that works at
two levels:
It provides agreement at the physical level -- Bluetooth
is a radio-frequency standard;
AND, it provides agreement at the protocol level, where
products have to agree on when bits are sent, how
many will be sent at a time, and how the parties in a
conversation can be sure that the message received is
the same as the message sent. (cell phone, GPS, PDA-Starfield example)
Developing Technologies
ZigBee
The set of specs built around the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless
protocol.
Name "ZigBee" derived from the erratic zigging patterns
many bees make between flowers when collecting pollen.
The standard is regulated by a group known as the ZigBee
Alliance, with over 150 members worldwide.
Bluetooth focuses on connectivity between large packet
user devices--laptops, phones, major peripherals….
ZigBee is designed to provide highly efficient connectivity
between small packet devices.
Developing Technologies
WPAN
Wireless personal area network
Bluetooth and Zigbee
Personal hotspots
RFID
“IBM Uses RFID to Track Conference Attendees”
“New chip promises to track kids from miles away”
Tracks things and people
DTV? / HD Radio
Multicasting channels -- data transmission?
Two way interactivity
FCC approval
Technical changes
Copper wires to fiber optic cable
Circuit Switching to packet switching
Landline to wireless
Convergence of technologies and
companies
Technical examples
Fiber Optic Technicians (jobs promotion)
Early telephones (women as operators)
Early telephones (dialing a rotary phone)
(push button phone)
Making ‘free’ phone calls (discussion VoIP)
Skype
Netzero Voice / Messenger / iChat
Jajah.com
Google Voice
Cell Phones
Early -- 2-way radio type service
Phone / ‘cells’ / towers
Ugly towers?
Connects to Mobile Telephone Switching
Office (MTSO)
Going to another cell phone in same area on
same service, routed to another tower
To another service or a landline, routed to the
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Generations
‘two-way radio’ style
‘cellular’ process developed by (‘old’) AT&T
IG -- analog -- 1983 -- AMPS -- ‘advanced
mobile phone service
2G -- digital introduction -- early 1990s
CDMA, TDMA initially in the U.S. (CDMA: Sprint,
Verizon)
GSM type adopted first in Europe (AT&T / TMobile)
Generations
3G -- higher data transmission speeds -switch to packet switching (Interim -- ‘2.5G’
‘Edge’)
Verizon, AT&T, Sprint & T-Mobile all offer
high speed 3G wireless networks. All moving
to 4G...but, interim technologies
3G -- about 3 mbps throughput; 4G about 10
mbps (about 10x faster)
Based on phone AND network infrastructure
3G vs. 4G
Explanation
Direct link
Cell phone as hybrid medium
Delivery of video to cellular phones is becoming
more widespread… voice / data … and
Verizon’s V-Cast service (3G EV-DO) MobiTV service.
Both use the cellular network to deliver the
content.
New service and technology, MediaFlo, developed
by Qualcomm, uses part of the television
broadcasting spectrum (channel 55) to send multimedia content to mobile phones (as noted before).
Allows wireless carriers to offer video content
without taking up much needed bandwidth in their
cellular network.
What is broadband?
ITU -- minimum speed of 256 kilobits/second
FCC -- 1996 Telecommunications Act: 200
Kb/s bidirectionally
Wired
Wireless
Satellite
Alternate: DTV multicast channels (etc.)
Broadband delivery -- wired
DSL
DSLAM / extenders (digital subscriber line access multiplexer)
IPTV (AT&T: U-verse, Verizon: FiOS)
Dedicated line (no slowdown)
Cable modem (DOCSIS -- 1.0 / 2.0 / 3.0)
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
Shared down trunk line (slowdown)
Information service / no open access
Fiber to the home/premises (FTTH/P)
FTTN -- fiber to the node (last mile is coaxial cable for cable &
twisted-pair copper for DSL
Broadband over power line (BPL)
Interference
State approval
Broadband delivery -- wireless
Fixed wireless broadband (FWB) (from MMDS)
3G mobile wireless (4G / pre-4G)
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) (‘WLAN’)
Wi-Max (802.16)
Satellite
HughesNet & WildBlue (several now)
Latency problem (VoIP, games) “a time delay
between the moment something is initiated, and
the moment one of its effects begins or becomes
detectable”
Home Networks
Residential gateway (aka - cable/DSL router)
‘the key device in most home networks’
Wired (server / hub / router) LAN
Wireless (wi-fi / WLAN / 802.11)
Interconnects all computers and other IP
devices
Connects the home network to the
broadband connection
‘Specs’ Technical
specifications or standards
Like all issues – establish technical standards
HPNA -- Home Phoneline Networking Alliance
-- technology, built on Ethernet, allows all
the components of a home network to
interact over the home's existing telephone
wiring without disturbing the existing voice
or fax services
IEEE -- Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
Proprietary or agreed-upon?
VHS vs. Beta (home)
DVD-R / DVD-RW vs. DVD+R / RW vs.
RAM
SD cards or compact flash cards
HD-DVD vs. BluRay
WMA vs. RealPlayer vs. Quicktime etc.
codecs
HDTV (8-VSB / COFDM)
Home ‘hot spot’ Applications?
Multiple networked computers
Computers share one printer
Integration of phone / cable or
satellite systems / DVR, Slingbox,
etc. with IP
Security system connections
Home ‘hot spot’ Applications?
Control any IP device -- Microsoft has been
working with Whirlpool to allow users to
monitor their laundry with their home
network, computer, TV, and cell phone.
Continuing growth in American homes
operating a wireless network, making the US
the leader in adoption of wireless home
networks.
What else?
RFID (ubiquitous?)
Smart Home (video) / robotics
Speech recognition
Types: Discrete, continuous & complete
Speech recognition gone awry
Better success demo (click screen when page loads)
Ultra HD video (cinema--replace film projection)
Electronic paper (Kindle, iPad) (e-paper demo)
Wikis
GIGO conundrum?
LA Times experiment
Google docs as collaborative authoring?
Virtual / Augmented Reality
(RWWW)
Second Life (promo/commercial)
Google Earth and other competitors
Education, Entertainment, etc. in a
‘virtual world’?
Computer speed, power and storage
How to simulate touch, smell, taste
HMD, haptics, immersive environment