Transcript Computer and Internet historical overview

Foundations of
Social Media
RTV 453
Legacy media vs. new media
 Is Social Media a new form of media?
 Is Interactive Media a different new form of media?
 Is Cloud Computing related to where ‘digital media’ is going?
 Will there be newspapers in 50 years?
 Radio? TV channels? Movies? Plays being performed?
 Vaudeville example…
 Will the ‘marketplace of goods’ be replaced by ‘information
exchange’?
 Will ‘high culture’ disappear?
What is Social Media?
 Origin of computers (next pages)
 Abacus, analytical engine (1800s), electronic computing (1900s)
 Origin of the Internet
 Sputnik, Pentagon / ARPA, legislation, hardware & software
 Origin of personal computers (1960s-70s)
 Next page
 Virtual realities?
 Change from tool for calculating to tool for communicating
History of Computers - Long, Long Ago
 beads on rods to count and calculate!
History of Computers - Way Back When
Slide Rule 1630
based on Napier’s rules for logarithms
used until 1970s
History of Computers - 19th Century
 Joseph Marie Jacquard
 First stored program - metal
cards
 Did no computing
 first computer
manufacturing
 still in use
Charles Babbage - 1792-1871
 Difference Engine c.1822
 huge calculator, never finished
 Analytical Engine 1833
 could store numbers
 calculating “mill” used punched
metal cards for instructions
 powered by steam!
 accurate to six decimal places
 Inspiration for Herman Hollerith
for 1890 census
Vacuum Tubes
 First Generation Electronic
Computers used Vacuum Tubes
 Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with
circuits inside.
 Vacuum tubes have no air inside of
them, which protects the circuitry.
UNIVAC – 1950-51
 first fully electronic digital
computer built in the U.S.
 Created at the University of
Pennsylvania
 contained 18,000 vacuum tubes
 Cost $487,000
 ENIAC that preceded it (late
1940s) weighed 30 tons
Grace Hopper (1906-1992)
 Programmed UNIVAC
 Recipient of Computer
Science’s first “Man of the
Year Award”
 First compiler for a computer
programming language, led
to COBOL
First Transistor
 Used Silicon (semiconductor)
 developed in 1948
 won a Nobel prize
 on-off switch
 2nd Generation Computers
used Transistors, starting in
1956
Second Generation – 1965-1963
 1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors
 Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
 Beginning process of making computers smaller
 ‘transistor radios’ in the 1950 made music portable
Integrated Circuits
 Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).
 Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated
together into a single “chip”
 First one made by Texas Instruments in 1958
Third Generation – 1964-1971
 1964-1971
 Integrated Circuit
 Operating System
 Getting smaller, cheaper
The First Microprocessor – 1971
 The 4004 had 2,250
transistors
 four-bit chunks (four 1’s or
0’s)
 108Khz
 Called “Microchip”
What is a Microchip?
 Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)
 Transistors, resistors, and capacitors
 4004 had 2,250 transistors
 Pentium IV had 42 MILLION transistors
 Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters)
4th Generation – began 1971
 MICROCHIPS!
 Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using microchip
technology
Birth of Personal Computers - 1975
 256 byte memory (not
Kilobytes or Megabytes)
 2 MHz Intel 8080 chips
 Just a box with flashing
lights
 cost $395 kit, $495
assembled.
Over the past 50 years, the Electronic Computer
has evolved rapidly.
Connections:
 Which evolved from the other, which was an entirely new
creation
 vacuum tube
 integrated circuit
 transistor
 microchip
Evolution of Electronics
 Vacuum Tube – a dinosaur without a modern lineage
 Do vacuum tubes still exist?
 Transistor  Integrated Circuit  Microchip
 Another major development in recent years
 Flash memory
First Mass Market PC
IBM PC - 1981
 IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
 ‘instigated by’ IBM as reaction to Macintosh
 First wide-selling personal computer used in
business
 8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
 4.77 Mhz processing speed
 256 K RAM (Random Access Memory)
standard
 One or two floppy disk drives
 Open architecture (except ROM BIOS)
Apple Computers
 Founded 1977
 Apple II released 1977
 widely used in schools
 Macintosh (left)
 released in 1984, Motorola 68000
Microchip processor
 first commercial computer with
graphical user interface (GUI) and
pointing device (mouse)
 First GUI: Xerox PARC
21st Century Computing
 Great increases in speed, storage, and memory
 Increased networking, speed in Internet
 Broadband growth
 Netbooks / iPad / tablets
 Smart Phones
 Impact of touch technology
 3G to 4G (3-5 Mbps / 8-10 Mbps)
What’s next for computers?
 Use your imagination to come up with what the
coming years hold for computers.
 What can we expect in two years?
 What can we expect in twenty years?
 Voice interface? -- wearable computers?
 Cloud computing growth
 True ubiquity?
 Interface among almost all devices?
 Smart cars, smart electronics, etc.
What is Social Media?
 Fad or future?
 IPO Facebook failure
 Decline of Apple shares
 How do you pay the bills?
 How do you meet life’s basic needs?
 Media jobs: content creation, distribution, sales
 New media jobs? ??????
Before the Internet rolled out
 Electronic Bulletin Boards
 CompuServe
 America Online
 The WELL
 Early ‘chat rooms’
 Hypertext
 Vannevar Bush first proposed the basics of hypertext in 1945
 Tim Berners-Lee et al in 1990: html, WWW
 Multimedia
The early web pages
 Public Relations extension
 Like a magazine (text and words)
 shovelware
Users (audience)
 Just like newspapers, magazines, radio TV …
 An audience (market) exists
 Are YOU trying to reach them with your
content?
 Or, is another company trying to reach them
based on this form of ‘content distribution’?
Components of the social media
 Chit-chat
 Sharing
 Commenting
 Wikis
 UGC
 Everyone has a voice (digital democracy)
 Technologically-replaced intermediation (Second Life)
Predicting the future
 Anthropology and Sociology
 But what’s next?
 The Machine is Using Us
 The semantic web
 Ubiquitous instant communication
What got us here
 Broadband applied to all that went before
 Speed and storage
 Innovation and profit seeking
 Popular culture / ‘common person power’
 Steve Jobs and similar people
Communication application?
 How are you using social media?
 How are people making money using social media?
 How are you spending money that’s connected to social
media?
 How are your relationships with others changing?
 How are your relationships with products and services
changing?
Industry insider, 2014 NBS convention…
 Erik Deutsch: PR was about getting his clients exposure.
 NOW: it‘s about content creation—so everyone needs to
know how to create content, especially video / shooting &
editing skills.
 Also says “don’t get too involved in the latest ‘shiny object’
 Always go back to basic communication skills, strategies and
tactics.
 The critical skills remains: how to write well.