Transcript Introduction to Explorers

Bering
Strait
When glaciers formed causing the land
under the Bering Strait to be exposed,
Asians migrated as they followed food
supplies such as the woolly mammoth
over the Bering Strait from Asia during
the Ice Age. As Earth warmed the strait
was again covered with water.
Did you know that Christopher
Columbus was not the first European to
discover the New World! Many people do
not know that Leif Eriksson arrived in
1001 AD. 500 years prior to Columbus
reaching the New World in 1492.
The combination of a sail,
oars (15 on each side), and
the adjustable side rudder
made the Viking ships swift
and maneuverable.
Marco Polo set out from Italy
for China in 1271. After
traveling by ship, foot,
horseback, and wagon, he
reached China in 1274. He
journeyed over rough terrain
including along the boundary of the Gobi
Desert. He observed people using paper
money, coal, and gun powder. Soft, beautiful
silks were being woven. Tea and spices were
staples of the Chinese.
When he brought samples of silk, spices
and tea back to Europe, traders began
to travel the silk road in search of these
products. Ideas, skills, and customs
were also exchanged. People became
aware that the world was larger than
their community. Europeans in search
of a better way to travel to China began
to explore water routes.
Prince Henry of Portugal was born in 1394.
He gathered sea captains, mapmakers,
ship designers, and other experts together
and is credited for building the caravel ship
with its lateen sail. His goal was to discover
a complete water route to Asia in order to
obtain riches and avoid the “middle men.”
He is most famous for the voyages of discovery
that he organized and financed, which
eventually led to the rounding of Africa and the
establishment of sea routes to the Indies.
Although he actually did not sail, his sailors
engaged in trading for gold and slaves.
Triangular shaped lateen sails,
helped sailors steer against the
wind.
Prior to the invention of the astrolabe, magnetic
compass, cross staff, and other navigational
instruments, sailors depended on the north star
and crudely constructed maps for direction and
sailing.
A magnetic compass works
because the Earth is like a giant
magnet, surrounded by a huge
magnetic field. The Earth has
two magnetic poles which lie
near the North and South poles.
The magnetic field of the Earth causes a
magnetized 'needle' of iron or steel to swing
into a north-south position if it is hung from a
thread, or if it is stuck through a straw or piece
of wood floating in a bowl of water. This
instrument helped sailors navigate without
using the North Star.
Bartolomeu Dias
(1457-1500) was a
great Portuguese
navigator and
explorer who
explored Africa's
coast. In 1488, Dias led the first European
expedition to sail around Africa's Cape of Good
Hope, leaving Tagus, Portugal in 1487. This
breakthrough of circumnavigating the Cape of
Good Hope opened up lucrative trading routes
from Europe to Asia.
Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) was a Portuguese explorer
who discovered an ocean route from Portugal to the
East. Da Gama sailed from Lisbon, Portugal, around
Africa's Cape of Good Hope, to India (and back) in 14971499. At that time, many people thought that this was
impossible to do because it was assumed that the
Indian Ocean was not connected to any other seas.
On October 12,
1492, Columbus
sighted land. His
first landfall was
in the Bahamas.
When he landed
he thought he
had reached the
Indies in the Far
East and named
the natives
Indians. He was
unaware he had
Christopher Columbus
(1451-1506) was an
Italian explorer who
sailed for Spain across
the Atlantic Ocean in
1492, hoping to find a
route to India (in order to
trade for goods). He made a total of four trips to the
Caribbean and South America during the years
1492-1504, sailing for King Ferdinand II and Queen
Isabella of Spain. On his first trip, Columbus led an
expedition with three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and
the Santa Maria.
New World
Received
Wheat
Deadly
Rice
Diseases
Coffee
Diphtheria
Horses
Measles
Pigs
Smallpox
Cows
Malaria
Chickens
Europe
Received
Corn
Potatoes
Peanuts
Squash
Ponce de Leon, a
Spanish explorer,
sailed to the New
World in search of
gold and to conquer
new land.
Ponce de Leon landed at St. Augustine, Florida
and claimed it for Spain. Florida means “flowery
Easter”.
Hernando De Soto
arrived on the west
coast of Florida on May
30, 1539 with 10 ships
carrying over 600
soldiers, priests, and
explorers. They spent
four years searching for
gold and silver,
exploring the area, and brutally attacking native
societies, including the Cherokees, Seminoles,
Creeks, Appalachians, and Choctaws. De Soto died
during the explorations and was buried on the banks
of the Mississippi River in late June 1542.
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) was a
Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition
that sailed around the Earth (1519-1522).
Magellan also named the Pacific Ocean (the
name means that it is a calm, peaceful ocean.)
God – Missionaries wanted to spread Catholicism to the Native Americans
Gold – Greed for personal and national wealth
Glory – defeat of powerful Native American tribes, claiming land for mother
country, adventure
http://www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers/spanishexplorers.htm
Jacques Cartier, a
French sailor
traveled to the New
World in search of
gold and other
precious metals.
Jacques Cartier was looking for a northwest
passage to the Far East. He discovered the Gulf of
St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence River.
During his voyage, Jacques Cartier made
friends with the Indians of the Iroquois tribe.
The Indians helped Jacques Cartier’s sick
crew by giving them a tea made from the
white cedar tree.
Jacques Cartier traded with the Iroquois. He
returned to France with furs and two Indian
friends.
Jacques Cartier named the St.
Lawrence River. He also named a
Discovery of the
Northwest Passage,
fur trading, and
claiming land for
France
Help! The French
are coming. Save
our hides!
John Cabot (about 1450-1499) was an Italian-born
English explorer and navigator. Cabot was born in
Italy but moved to England in 1495. At the request of
King Henry VII of England, Cabot sailed to Canada in
1497. Cabot landed near Labrador, Newfoundland, or
Cape Breton Island (the exact spot is uncertain) on
June 24, 1497. Cabot claimed the land for England.
Explorers had been
landing in America for
some time before English
settlers arrived in what is
now Jamestown, Virginia,
in 1607. But it was in that
spot on the James River
that English colonization
began and with it, the
history of America.
The terrible winter of 1609 convinced most
of the settlers to abandon their new life,
however. Only 60 of the 214 settlers
survived this harsh winter, which was also
hard on Powhatan's tribe and other
neighboring Native Americans. One of the
main crops grown by the English settlers
was tobacco, which they sold to Native
Americans and to people back in England,
beginning in 1612. Tobacco became a very
popular crop because it was easy to grow
and because it brought in so much money.
English Puritans who fled England to escape
religious persecution. After a 65-day journey from
Southampton, England, they landed in Plymouth
Harbor on the western side of Cape Cod Bay on
December 21, 1620. There, under the leadership of
William Bradford, they signed the Mayflower
Compact, which created their own government.
Claim land for England and and Religious Freedom
We want
freedom to
worship as we
please. Don’t
tell us where to
go to church.
Henry Hudson (1565-1611)
was an English explorer and
navigator who explored parts
of the Arctic Ocean and
northeastern North America.
The Hudson River, Hudson
Strait, and Hudson Bay are
named for Hudson
Hudson was hired by a Dutch company in 1607, to
find a waterway from Europe to Asia. Hudson
made two trips (in 1607 and 1608), but failed to
find a route to China. He could not find the
Northwest Passage because there isn’t one.
Discovery of Northwest
Passage, claim land for
the Netherlands
Do you know why
I couldn’t find the
Northwest
Passage to Asia?
THERE ISN’T
ONE!!!!
A. Spain
B. England
Henry Hudson 1607-1608
E
C C E
B
A A
A
A
A
C. France
D. Portugal
E. Dutch
D
D
Native Americans (First Americans)
• History
– Recorded through oral history?
• What does this signify?
• Trade
– Barter economy
– Sharing was respectful
– Compare this to Europeans…
• Land
– For all to use
– NOT TO BE OWNED!!!!!
In the Americas…
• Exploring for Wealth
– Why did Columbus and others sail?
– Gold, Spices, riches
• Explorers find little riches!
– Need to make money, so start farms
– Farms need workers, right?
• Indian Workers?
– Indians had been killed during exploration.
– AND, had been wiped out by DISEASE!!
– Now where do you look for forced labor?
Over in Africa…
• Power in Africa
– Not based on $$ or land, but people.
– Note how different than Europe – land, gold
• Slavery in Africa
– It existed! (Gasp!)
– Different than later American slavery
• Slave Traders
– Europeans exchanged technology for slaves
– African thought, “Sell my enemies away, gain more
power???”
– A new market for forced labor is created in the New
World
http://mariner.org/captivepassage/
Interaction in the Americas
Areas of Settlement
– France
• Canada, Mississippi River
– England
• Northern Canada (Hudson Bay)
• Eastern Coast of North America
– Spain
• Florida and Western North America
• Caribbean & South America (Not Brazil)
– Portugal
• Brazil
Americas Divided by Europe
Interaction in the Americas
• English & Spanish
– Lots of exploration and immigration to these places
• Caribbean Islands, who could say no!?
– Native Americans killed for land claims and lose land
– DISEASES kill off many Native Americans
• French
– No large-scale immigration from France
• Trapping and trading
– Relations with Native Americans often was cooperative,
NOT violent.
Impact of Columbus and Other Explorers
• Columbian Exchange
– Trade of items across the Atlantic
• Native Americans Decimated
– European diseases kill countless NAs
– Europeans kill NAs to get their land.
• Europeans Get Wealthy
– Profits are made
– Europeans send more folks to explore/exploit
• Africans are Enslaved
– Workers are needed on plantations, mines, etc
http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Know.html
http://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/home.htm
http://www.teacheroz.com/colonies.htm#Exploration
http://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/home.htm
http://www.mariner.org/educationalad/ageofex/
http://ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/Intro.html
http://www.columbusnavigation.com
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com
Click on these
links for more
information
about
explorers.