Transcript European Exploration - mrs

European Exploration
Ch 19.1
What exploration had already
occurred?
• Europeans explored during the Crusades
beginning in 1100.
• Marco Polo reached Kublai Khan and the
Chinese empire in 1275.
Money! Money! Money!
• The main reason for new exploration was
to seek for new sources of wealth.
• Merchants and traders hoped to benefit
from the trade of spices and other luxury
goods from Asia.
High Demand for Spices
• Europeans became introduced to certain
items during the Crusades.
• After the crusades, Europeans still
demanded these items.
– Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper
• All of these added flavor to the bland foods
of Europe.
• Because the supply of spices was low,
merchants could demand higher prices.
Muslims and Italians control trade
• Muslims sold Asian goods to the Italian
merchants.
• Italian merchants sold the items at
increased prices throughout Europe.
Everyone wants a piece of the
action!
• European merchants (England, Spain,
Portugal, and France) wanted to trade
directly with Asia and bypass the Italian
merchants.
• This meant finding a direct sea route to
Asia.
Christianity
• The desire to spread Christianity also
fueled European exploration.
• The Crusades left bad relations between
the Christians and Muslims.
• Christians wanted to continue to convert
non-Christians throughout the world.
Bartolomeu Dias –
Portuguese Explorer
“To serve God and His
Majesty, to give light
to those who were in
darkness and to grow
rich as all men desire
to do.”
• The motto behind European Exploration
became:
The Caravel
• A new ship that made sea exploration
possible
• Sturdier than previous ships
• It had triangular sails, which made it
possible to sail against the wind.
• It was extremely maneuverable.
Caravel
Navigational Improvements also
encouraged sea exploration
• Two major advances helped sailors
improve navigation methods.
– Astrolabe
– Magnetic compass
Astrolabe
• The astrolabe was a brass circle with
carefully adjusted rings marked off in
degrees, which was perfected by the
Muslims.
• Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea
captain could tell how far north or south
of the equator he was.
Magnetic Compass
• Explorers were also able to more
accurately track their direction by using a
magnetic compass invented by the
Chinese
Astrolabe
Compass
Prince Henry the Navigator
• Prince of Portugal
• Wanted to discover sources of wealth and
spread Christianity.
• Founded a navigation school.
– Map makers, instrument makers, ship
builders, scientists, and sea captains gathered
there to perfect their trade.
Prince Henry
Portugal
Portugal leads the way
• Soon the Portuguese established trading
posts all along the coast of Africa.
• They traded gold and ivory.
• Eventually, they traded for African slaves.
• After establishing themselves in Africa,
they wanted to find a sea route to Asia.
11th century Ivory Elephant Tusk
found in Italy
The Portuguese believed they
would have to sail around the
southern tip of Africa to get to
India.
Bartolomeu Dias
• In 1488, Captain
•
Bartolomeu Dias
ventured further
down the coast of
Africa until he
reached the tip.
As he arrived, a huge
storm rose and
battered his fleet for
days.
Bartolomeu Diaz
• When the storm ended, Dias realized his
ships had been blown around the tip to
the other side of the continent.
• Realizing supplies were low, he returned
home.
• He was the first European to have sailed
around the tip of Southern Africa.
• Dias’s Voyage
Vasco da Gama
• With the southern tip of Africa finally
rounded, the Portuguese continued
pushing east.
• In 1498, the Portuguese explorer, Vasco
da Gama reached the port of Calicut, on
the southwestern coast of India.
• They were amazed with the spices, rare
silks, and precious gems.
• The Portuguese sailors filled their ships
with pepper and cinnamon and returned
to Portugal in 1499.
• Vasco da Gama was given a hero’s
welcome.
• His remarkable voyage of 27,000 miles
had given Portugal a direct sea route to
India.
• Vasco da Gama
Da Gama’s Voyage
SPAIN IS JEALOUS!
• Spain watched with envy as Portugal
increased in wealth.
• The Spanish monarchs also wanted to find
a direct sea route to the treasures of Asia.
1492
• Spain just kicked the Moors out of Spain in
the ‘Reconquista’
• Also that same year, Christopher Columbus
convinced Spain to finance finding a route
to Asia by sailing West across the Atlantic
Ocean.
Columbus
Impact
• In October of 1492, Columbus reached the
shores of an island in the Caribbean.
• His voyage opened the way for European
colonization of the American continents –
a process that would forever change the
world.
• The immediate effect increased tensions
between Spain and Portugal.
Rivalry grows intense
• Columbus believed that he had reached
Asia.
• Believing him to be right, Portugal
suspected that Columbus had claimed
lands that Portuguese sailors might have
reached first.
Line of Demarcation
• In 1493, Pope Alexander VI tried to keep
the peace between the two nations.
• He suggested an imaginary dividing line,
drawn north to south, through the Atlantic
Ocean.
• All lands west of the line would belong to
Spain.
• All land east of the line would belong to
Portugal.
• This became known as the line of Demarcation.
Pope Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordesillas
• Portugal complained that the line gave too
much to Spain.
• It was moved farther west to include
parts of modern-day Brazil for the
Portuguese.
• In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the
Treaty of Tordesillas, in which they
agreed to honor the line.
Treaty of
Tordesillas
Line of
Demarcation
Portugal’s Trading Empire
• Built trading empire through the Indian
ocean
• Took control of the spice trade from the
Muslim merchants
• In 1509, Portugal defeated a Muslim fleet
off the coast of India.
• The following year, the Portuguese
captured Goa, a city on India’s west coast.
• They made it the capital of their trading
empire.
• Then they sailed farther east to Indonesia,
also known as the East Indies.
Indonesia
• In 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked the
city of Malacca on the west coast of the
Malay Peninsula.
• In capturing the town, Portuguese seized
control of the Strait of Malacca.
• Seizing this waterway gave them control
of the Moluccas.
• These were islands so rich in spices that
they later became known as the Spice
Islands.
Close up
view
• Portuguese merchants brought back goods
from Asia at about 1/5 of the price of
what they paid Italian and Muslim
merchants.
• Portugal’s success attracted the attention
of other European nations.
Ferdinand Magellan
• In 1521, Ferdinand
•
Magellan arrived in
the Philippines.
Spain claimed the
islands and began
settling them in 1565.
English and Dutch want in
• By the early 1600s, The English and the
Dutch began to challenge Portugal’s
dominance over the Indian Ocean trade.
• The Dutch Republic (also known as the
Netherlands) declared their independence
from Spain in 1581.
Western Europe
• Netherlands
Netherlands
• The Netherlands became a leading sea
power.
• By 1600, the Dutch owned the largest
fleet of ships in the world – 20,000
vessels.
• Together the English and Dutch broke
Portuguese Dominance in the Indian
Ocean.
• The two nations then battled each other
for control.
• Each nation had formed an East India
Company to establish and direct trade
throughout Asia.
• These companies had the power to mint
money, make treaties, and raise armies.
• The Dutch East India Company was richer
and more powerful than England’s
company.
• As a result, the Dutch eventually drove out
the English and established their
dominance over the region.
• In 1619, the Dutch established their
trading headquarters at Batavia on the
island of Java.
• From there, they expanded west to
conquer several nearby islands.
• The Dutch also took Malacca and the
valuable Spice Islands.
• With so many goods traveling from Asia to
the Netherlands, Amsterdam became a
leading commercial center.
• By 1700, the Dutch ruled much of
Indonesia and had trading posts in
numerous Asian countries.
• They also controlled the Cape of Good
Hope on the southern tip of Africa.
Cape of Good Hope
The Cape of Good Hope
• First European to reach this area was
Bartolomeu Dias. Dias originally named it
the Cape of Storms.
• Later, John II of Portugal renamed it ‘Cabo
de boa esperanca’ = Cape of Good Hope
because it was a symbol of opening the
sea route eastward toward India.
Cape of Good Hope
• Was settled by the Dutch and later
conquered by the English.
• There are two monuments erected there
to honor Dias and da Gama.
• In honor of da Gama,
the Portuguese
government built this
to commemorate his
passage around the
Cape of Good Hope.
Britain and France
• English East India Company built
successful business in trading fine cloth.
• In 1664, France also entered the Asia
trade with its own East India Company.
– The company struggled at first but eventually
became established.
– They never made a large profit.
• Even though there were many European
trading posts throughout Asia, Asian
people remained unaffected by them.
• Europeans’ influences rarely spread
beyond the port cities into the countries
interiors.
Assignment: pick A or B
• (A) Write a paragraph comparing the
demand for spices in the 1500s to the
demand for oil today. What lengths will
countries go to, to have the control on oil?
Will oil ever be as common (or cheap) as
spices are today?
• (B) Create a cartoon about the high
demand for spices by Europeans