Transcript File

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Early European Explorers
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
•
Identify the goals of Christopher Columbus.
•
Explain the consequences of his journey to
the Americas.
•
Analyze the effects of European contact with
the people of the Americas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese mariner who
sailed around southern Africa in 1487
•
Vasco da Gama – Portuguese mariner who sailed
around southern Africa to India in 1498
•
Christopher Columbus – Italian mariner sailing
for Spain who in 1492 sailed west to reach Asia
but reached the islands of the Caribbean instead
•
John Cabot – Genoese mariner employed by the
English who sailed to Newfoundland in 1497
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
•
Pedro Alvarez Cabral – Portuguese mariner
who reached the coast of Brazil in 1500
•
Amerigo Vespucci – Genoese mariner who
explored South America’s coast in 1501;
Europeans mapmakers called the new
continents America, a variant of his name
•
Ferdinand Magellan – mariner whose
1519−1522 expedition succeeded in encircling
the globe
•
Conquistador – Spanish soldier who explored
and conquered central Mexico
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
•
Hernán Cortés – conquistador who invaded
present-day Mexico in 1519 and conquered
the Aztecs
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Moctezuma – Aztec ruler
•
Columbian Exchange – the global exchange
of plants, animals, ideas, and diseases
between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the
Americas after Columbus made his first
transatlantic voyage in 1492
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did European exploration affect
the Americas?
With the goal of reaching Asia, European
sailors continued their journeys of exploration.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the
Americas, planning to conquer the land, exploit
its wealth, and convert its people to Christianity,
a pattern followed by later explorers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the 1400s, the Portuguese sought a route
to India, the East Indies, and China.
Bartolomeu
Dias
•
In 1487, Dias used the winds of the
South Atlantic to get around the
southern tip of Africa.
Vasco da
Gama
•
In 1498, da Gama exploited Dias’s
discovery to reach India, opening an
enormously profitable trade route.
The Portuguese dominated the trade routes
south and east around Africa.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By default, the Spanish looked westward
into the open Atlantic.
•
The Spanish hoped to find islands in the west
that they could exploit.
•
They also hoped that, by leaping from one set
of islands to another, explorers could one day
reach the coveted coast of China.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Italian mariner
Christopher Columbus
had heard stories about
mysterious lands to
the west.
Columbus was determined
to make a westward
voyage in search of China.
He hoped to convert the
Chinese to Christianity and
use their wealth to begin a
new crusade against Islam.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Funded by Spain, in 1492 Columbus reached
the Bahamas, which he claimed for Spain.
In all, Columbus
made four voyages
to what he thought
was the East
Indies, near Asia.
He used force to
conquer Native
Americans on the
islands.
Columbus had not
reached Asia, but he
had found a land that
would bring riches and
power to European
Christendom—at the
expense of Native
Americans and African
slaves.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Columbus’s Voyages, 1492–1504
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1494, Spain and Portugal negotiated
the Treaty of Tordesillas.
•
The treaty drew a boundary line through
the mid-Atlantic, giving the Spanish lands
west of the line and the Portuguese lands
east of the line.
•
Other European kings refused to honor
the treaty.
•
The claims of Native Americans to the
land were ignored.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Other explorers
soon confirmed
that, by sailing
west, Columbus
had reached
the shores of
two continents
previously
unknown to
Europeans.
•
John Cabot sailed to
Newfoundland in 1497.
•
Pedro Alvarez Cabral
reached the coast of Brazil
in 1500.
•
Amerigo Vespucci
explored South America’s
coast in 1501.
•
The crew of Ferdinand
Magellan finished circling
the globe in 1522.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Ferdinand Magellan
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Conquistadors extended Spain’s empire in
the Americas, treating Native Americans
brutally in the process.
•
The Spanish killed or enslaved thousands of
Native Americans.
•
Many were forced to convert to Christianity.
•
The Spanish destroyed their cities, stole their
gold, and exploited their natural resources.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
With steel-edged swords, guns, and horses,
conquistadors destroyed native civilizations.
• Hernán Cortés
conquered the Aztecs
of Central America.
• Francisco Pizarro
defeated the Incas of
South America.
Cortés meets the Aztec emperor Moctezuma.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Even more
deadly than
brutal attacks,
however, was
disease.
Europeans
unknowingly
transmitted
new diseases
to native
populations.
With no natural
defenses, huge
numbers of Native
Americans died.
As Native American populations fell, the Spanish
turned to African slaves for the labor they needed
to build their growing colonies.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Europeans who came to the Americas in
the 1400s began the Columbian Exchange.
•
Colonists brought European plants and animals
to the Americas.
•
This affected Native Americans in both positive
and negative ways, but they adapted.
•
People in Europe increased their yields by
growing plants from the Americas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Columbian Exchange
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Columbian Exchange helped trigger
enormous population shifts around the world.
European
Population
Growth
Native
American
Population
Decline
•
Large harvests aided by new American
crops caused the European population to
grow from 80 million in 1492 to 180 million
by 1800.
•
The Native American proportion of the
global population collapsed from 7 percent
in 1492 to less than 1 percent in 1800.