Transcript Chapter 4 section 2

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Greek Geography and City-States
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
•
Understand how geography influenced the Greek
city-states.
•
Define the three types of government that
developed in the Greek city-states.
•
Explain how Sparta and Athens differed.
•
Describe the culture and values shared by Greeks.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
polis – a city-state in ancient Greece
•
acropolis – section of a city at a higher elevation
with great marble temples dedicated to deities
•
citizen – free resident of a city-state
•
monarchy – a government in which a hereditary
ruler exercises central power
•
aristocracy – rule by a hereditary landholding elite
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
(continued)
•
oligarchy – a form of government in which
power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite
•
phalanx – a massive tactical formation of
heavily armed foot soldiers
•
Sparta – a city-state built by the Dorians in
which daily life was ruled by military discipline
•
Athens – a Greek city-state that moved slowly
toward democracy
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
(continued)
•
democracy – government by the people
•
tyrant – a ruler who gained power by force
•
legislature – a lawmaking body
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did government and culture
develop as Greek city-states grew?
Ancient Greeks absorbed ideas from older
civilizations and developed their own unique
ideas as well.
They developed new ways to best govern
each polis.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Ancient civilization in Greece was shaped by
its unique geography.
• Mountains created isolated valleys.
• Hundreds of rocky islands extended from the
coast.
• Rather than a unified empire, the Greeks built
independent city-states cut off from one another
by mountains or water.
Rivalries between city-states often led to war.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The sea was a link to the outside world.
Greeks became skilled sailors.
The Greeks
traded
throughout
the eastern
Mediterranean
region.
Population
growth
led Greeks to
build colonies
overseas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Greeks built cities on two levels, with an acropolis
on the top of a hill and a walled
main city below.
• The acropolis had temples devoted to gods and
goddesses.
• The main city contained the marketplace, public
buildings, and homes.
• The citizens, or free residents, of cities
shared responsibilities and debated ideas.
• Male landowners held all of the political power.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Different forms of government evolved in Greece
between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C.
Monarchy:
A hereditary
ruler
exercised
central
power.
Aristocracy:
Power shifted
to a class of
noble
landowners.
In time, this
became a
hereditary
ruling class.
Oligarchy:
In some citystates, a
small, wealthy
elite of
merchants,
farmers, and
artisans
gained power.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As forms of government evolved, new warfare
methods also emerged.
Iron weapons replaced bronze weapons.
Since iron was cheaper, ordinary citizens could
afford swords, shields, and helmets. As a result, the
power of the middle class increased.
Soldiers trained to fight in close formation in a
phalanx. This shared training gave citizen-soldiers
a sense of unity.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Phalanx warfare put the defense of a city-state into the
hands of ordinary citizens.
At the same time, it led to two influential city-states
developing different ways of life.
Sparta
stressed
military
virtues
and strong
discipline.
Athens
glorified the
individual
and extended
rights to more
citizens.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In Spartan warrior society:
• Boys began military training at age seven.
• They lived in army barracks until age 30.
• Both men and women were required to
exercise and develop strength.
• Women could inherit property and managed
the household while men were at war.
• Trade, wealth, and art were not considered to
be important.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Athens moved slowly toward democracy.
Solon made
reforms,
including
opening
high offices
to more
citizens.
Pisistratus
helped farmers
and the poor.
He gave
ordinary citizens
a larger role in
government.
Cliesthenes made
the assembly a
legislature.
All male citizens
were expected to
participate.
Democracy in Athens was limited, but the people had
more of a voice than in any other ancient civilization.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Athenian women could not
take part in government but
played a role in public religion.
• Women participated in
sacred processions and
ceremonies.
• Well-to-do women
managed their homes
and were not seen in
public.
• Poorer women worked
outside the home.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Athenian boys learned
how to read and write
the Greek language.
Roman, and eventually
English, characters
evolved from the
Greek alphabet.
Wealthy boys also
studied music, poetry,
and public speaking.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Despite divisions among city-states,
all Greeks did share a common culture.
• They spoke the same language.
• They prayed to the same gods, including Zeus.
• They participated in common festivals, including the
Olympic games.
• They shared a sense of superiority over foreigners.