Transcript chapter 15 - Pearson Education

A.D. 500 TO 1500
CHAPTER
1
First Founders
CREATED EQUAL
JONES  WOOD  BORSTELMANN  MAY  RUIZ
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“These gods that we worship give us
everything we need.”
Bernardino de Sahagún’s recollection
of an Aztec leader’s response to
Franciscan attempts at conversion
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TIMELINE
2.5 million years ago
70,000 years ago
25,000 to 11,000 yrs
14,000 years ago
10,000 years ago
6,000 years ago
4,000 years ago
500 A.D.
750 A.D.
800 A.D.
870 A.D.
Human’s ancestors first appear in Africa
Ancestors of modern humans moved from
Africa to Europe and Asia
Ice Age
Clovis hunters appear in North America
Paleo-Indian era in North America
Domestication of sheep, goats, pigs, cows,
and horses
Cultivation of crops
Mississipian cultures
Anasazi in the Four Corners Region
Moches great pyramids collapse
Lief Eriksson names Gulf of St. Lawrence
Vinland
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TIMELINE
1000 A.D.
1270-1292
1440s
1487
1497
1492
1494
1497
1513
1519
1520
1542
Vikings at Straumfjord
Marco Polo travels the Silk Road
Portuguese initiate Atlantic slave trade
Dias proves link between Indian and Atlantic
oceans
da Gama returns from India
Columbus in San Salvador (Watling’s Island)
Treaty of Tordesillas
Columbus returns to Hispaniola
Cabot in Newfoundland
Balboa at the Pacific
Cortés at Vera Cruz
Martin Luther excommunicated
de Verrazzano reaches North Carolina
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TIMELINE
1542
1533
1534
1539
1540
1570
1580
1581
1584
1585
1588
de Vaca’s Relation
The Inquisition established
Pizarro’s conquest over the Incas
Cartier at the Gulf of St. Lawrence
de Soto in Florida
Native American Tuscaluza attacks the
Spanish in Mabila
Jesuits in Chesapeake Bay
Drake claims California for England
Spain acquires Portugal
Raleigh sends explorers to the Outer Banks
Lane builds a fort at Roanoke Island
The Spanish Armada sinks
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FIRST FOUNDERS
Overview
 Ancient America
 A Thousand Years Of Change
 Linking The Continents
 Spain Enters the Americas
 The Protestant Reformation Plays Out in
America
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ANCIENT AMERICA
 The Question of Origins
 The Newest Approaches
 The Archaic World
 The Rise of Maize Culture
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The Question of Origins
 Human ancestors travel to Europe and Asia
about 70,000 years ago
 40,000 years ago Stone Age huntergatherers reach Australia
 Migration through Siberia
 Between 25,000 and 11,000 years ago, huge
glaciers form bridge from Siberia to Alaska
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The Newest Approaches
 Discovery of artifacts in Florida and
Chile, led scientists to believe that
Paleo-Indians may have migrated in
boats down the Northwest Coast.
 Blood types, dental formations, and
other evidence leads scientists to
believe early Americans are of an
Asian ancestry
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The Archaic World
 10,000 years ago: Paleo-Indian era gives way to
Archaic era
 Large mammals disappear
 Diverse cultures of the Archaic Indians
 Hunter-gatherers with simple social structure
 Agricultural societies more complex
 Priests top the social order, with slaves at the
bottom of the hierarchy
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The Rise of Maize
Agriculture
 Mammals not domesticated in the Americas
 Domestication of plant life
 Potatoes, cassava, squash, beans, and maize
 Maize spreads slowly across the continent
 The Olmecs and Poverty Point cultures
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The Earliest Americans
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A THOUSAND YEARS OF
CHANGE A.D. 500 to 1500
 Valleys of the Sun: The
Mesoamerican Empires
 The Anasazi: Chaco Canyon and
Mesa Verde
 The Mississippians: Cahokia and
Moundville
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Valleys of the Sun: The
Mesoamerican Empires
 The Mayans
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300 to 900 A.D.
Yucatan to Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador
Worship of the sun, huge stone temples, blood-letting rituals
Elaborate calendar 52 year cycle
Mysterious decline
 The Aztecs
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Twelfth century
Tenochtitlán (Mexico City)
Large temples, adapting from displaced cultures
52 year cycle calendar
A warring culture looking for human sacrifices to the gods
Drought, harsh policy for the conquered
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The Anasazi: Chaco Canyon
and Mesa Verde
About 750 A.D.
Four corners region (Utah, Colorado, Arizona,
New Mexico corners)
Chaco Canyon hub with giant pueblos
Giant cliff dwellings: Cliff Palace at Mesa
Verde
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The Mississippians:
Cahokia and Moundville
 500-1300 A.D.
 Mound-building society, Oklahoma
to Georgia
 Woodhenge calendar
 Strong regional chiefdoms
 Trade, corn agriculture, craft production
and elaborate rituals
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LINKING THE CONTINENTS
 Oceanic Travel: The Norse and the
Chinese
 Portugal and the Beginnings of
Globalization
 Looking for the Indies: da Gama and
Columbus
 In the Wake of Columbus: Competition
and Exchange
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Oceanic Travel: The Norse
and the Chinese
 Eric the Red (830s-870s): Greenland in
the 980’s
 Around 1,000, Leif Eriksson (Eric’s son)
explores Gulf of St. Lawrence (Vinland)
 Marco Polo’s Cathay: The lure of China—
oriental spices for preservatives.
 Islamic power cuts off Silk Road forcing
Europeans to look for another route to
China
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Portugal and the Beginnings
of Globalization
 Geography and religious conflict enables
Portugal to become world power
 Strategic location
 Conflict between Christianity and Islam; closing of Asian
trade route
 Intellectual and economic reasons for Portuguese
exploration
 Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460)
 Caravels: innovation in ocean travel
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Looking for the Indies:
da Gama and Columbus
 Vasco da Gama (1497-1499) finds his way
to India and back
 Christopher Columbus sponsored by King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
crosses Atlantic to Asia. Lands instead in
San Salvador and Hispaniola (1492)
 Miscalculates circumference of globe by 25%,
the breadth of Eurasia’s landmass, and Japan’s
distance
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In the Wake of Columbus:
Competition and Exchange
 Pope divides the world for Spain and Portugal (Inter
Caetera)
 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
 Spain and England move to counter Portugal’s gains
 Columbus in Hispaniola
 Cabot in Newfoundland
 The Columbian Exchange
 From Europe: horses, cows, sheep, chickens, coffee, peaches, oranges and
smallpox, measles, malaria
 From the New World: corn, potatoes, chili peppers, tobacco, turkeys and
syphilis
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SPAIN ENTERS THE
AMERICAS
 The Devastation of the Indies
 The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
 Magellan and Cortés Prompt New
Searches
 Three New Views of North America
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The Devastation of
the Indies
 Human and ecological disaster
 The newcomers enslaved and killed natives; disease
claimed many lives
 Spanish livestock destroyed gardens
 Catholics protest the treatment of potential
converts
 Drop in native population prompts the Spanish to
bring in African slaves
 The quick decline of the new islands initiates
Spanish to explore further
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The Spanish Conquest of
the Aztec
 Magellan (1519-1522) discovers
throughway around southern South
America
 In 1519 Cortés comes to Vera
Cruz. With a small army and some
smallpox, he conquers the Aztec at
Tenochtitlán and their gold.
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Magellan and Cortés Prompt
New Searches
 Pizarro in 1531 conquered the Incas in Peru and their
treasures, also with a small army and smallpox.
 Verrazano arrived in North Carolina in 1524 and north
to New York
 Vásquez de Ayllón settled and explored South Carolina
 1528: Narváez met disaster in Florida
 De Vaca’s Relation
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Three New Views of
North America
 Cartier: France challenges Spain
 Gulf of St. Lawrence 1534 and up the St. Lawrence into Canada. In 1541 he
returns to Quebec and later another mission tries to settle in Quebec, but
scurvy and bitter winter end their expedition
 De Soto: Spain explores Florida
 In 1539 de Soto and party travel to Tampa Bay and up into the continent to
the Mississippi River searching for wealth and bringing violence and death.
And his own in 1542.
 De Coronado
 Rumors of golden cities brings Coronado up to the Zunis. The Zunis send
Coronado on a wild goose chase up into the plains. Never finding the golden
city of Quivira, Coronado leaves.
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THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
PLAYS OUT IN AMERICA
 Reformation and Counter-Reformation
in Europe
 Competing Powers Lay Claim to
Florida
 The Background of English Expansion
 Lost Colony: The Roanoke Experience
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Reformation and CounterReformation in Europe
 Martin Luther’s reform movement brings
excommunication by pope and the Reformation
spreads throughout Europe.
 John Calvin and his strict interpretation of
Lutheranism: northern Europe
 The Church of England: Henry the VIII breaks
with the Catholic Church
 Counter-Reformation: the defense of Roman
Catholicism
 Jesuits; The Inquistion; Royalty in France, Spain
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Competing Powers Lay Claim
to Florida
 France’s Coligny brings the Huguenots to Florida to
being Protestant settlements
 Fort Caroline at present-day Jacksonville
 Spain sends Menéndez to raid the French colonies;
Menéndez massacres the settlers and Spain pushes to
convert the natives to Christianity
 Jesuits in Chesapeake Bay, but killed by Native Americans
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The Extent of North American Exploration by 1592
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The Background of
English Expansion
 Henry VIII builds large navy and
merchant fleet
 English population doubles in 16th
century
 Land at a premium, and the “enclosure
movement” by landowners pushes
tenants off of their land
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Lost Colony:
The Roanoke Experience
 An outpost on the North American coast
 To attack Spanish ships, search for new
commodities, and convert Indians to Protestantism
 Raleigh’s 3 tries at settlements
 1585: Ralph Lane fails due to scarce food and hostile
relations with natives
 Second expedition ended up mainly in the Caribbean
 1587: John White brings 110 people and returns for
supplies. Upon his return to Roanoke, settlers gone.
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