Transcript Exploration #2

European
Exploration and
Colonization
Early Map of World
Why Exploration?
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Search for spices and profits
Crusades, Italian monopoly
Desire to spread Christianity
Crusades= legacy of hatred
Ability to use technology
compass, caravel, triangular sails,
astrolabe
Why Exploration?
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Renaissance spirit of curiosity
MA- no need for excitement,
adventure
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese, spread Christianity
African slaves
Portuguese first to buy
Hazards of Colonization
Diseases and epidemics
Natives lacked immunity
Natives died by the millions
1650 population of central
Mexico declined by 85%
 Slavery
Exchange guns for slaves
Europeans refused to do work
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Benefits of Colonization

Farm animals & new plants
brought by Europeans
Vice versa
Potatoes & corn
People’s diet was enriched
Portuguese Exploration
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First nation to explore
Prince Henry the Navigator
 Motive:
economic, religion
 Founded naval station

Trading posts and plantations
 Western
Africa
 Traded for slaves, ivory, gold
 Plantations important for
development of slave trade
Portuguese Exploration cont…
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A route around Africa to India
 Bartholomew
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Journey to India
 De
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Dias
Gama
Control of the spice trade
 Europeans
Traded
 Cheaper
had little Asians wanted
bullion
than land trade with Arabs
Vasco da
Gama
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da
Gama’s
Voyage
Indian
Ocean
King Ferdinand
and
Queen Isabella
of
Spain
Columbus sails for Spain
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Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor
Looking for the Indies (Southeast
Asia)
Landed in San Salvador
Caribbean becomes known as West
Indies
Europeans are motivated by his
discoveries
Christopher
Columbus
Christopher Columbus’ Ship
Nina
Pinta
Santa Maria
Christopher
Columbus’
Landing
Columbus’ First Voyage
Columbus’ Second Voyage
Columbus’ Third Voyage
Columbus’ Fourth Voyage
Landing
Location of
Christopher
Columbus
Division of the World

Line of Demarcation
Prevent disputes between Spain
and Portugal
Imaginary line in Atlantic Ocean
Spain=
west of line
Portugal= east of line
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Tordesillas
Portugal not happy with Line of
Demarcation
Did not get much land
 Portugal is given claims to Brazil
 Spain gets the rest of the
Americas
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Other Spanish Explorers
Amerigo Vespucci
 Juan Ponce de Leon
Florida and the Fountain of Youth
 Vasco Nunez de Balboa
First to see Pacific Ocean
1513 Crossed Isthmus of Panama
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Amerigo
Vespucci
Tomb of Ponce de Leon
Magellan’s Voyage
Portuguese Explorer
 Journey paid for by Spanish King
 Circumnavigated globe
 Significance
Pacific Ocean separated
Americas from Asia
All oceans are connected and
winds follow consistent pattern
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Magellan
Magellan’s Voyage
Straits of Magellan
Conquest of the Aztecs, Incans

Conquistadors attracted by gold
 Conquerors
were sons of aristocratic
families
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Other motives:
 Fame
 Land
 Adventure
 Religion
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Aztecs found in Mexico, Incans in Peru
Aztec
Warrior
The Incas
Hernando Cortes
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Aztecs thought Spaniards gods or
messengers of Quetzalcoatal
 Horses
 Weapons
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Montezuma gave Spaniards gifts
hoping they’d leave, Spanish push
inland
Aztecs die in war and from smallpox
People kill Montezuma
Hernando
Cortez
Montezuma
Cortez
and
Montezuma
Francisco Pizarro
Sent by Charles V
 Welcomed by Atahualpa who is
taken prisoner
No Spaniard is killed
Leader would be released in
exchange for a room full of gold
Atahualpa was still killed
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Francisco
Pizarro
Charles V
Later Spanish Explorers
Spain established basis for
claiming land in US
 Hernando de Soto
1541 Reaches Mississippi
 Francisco de Coronado
1540 Reaches Colorado, Kansas
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The Journey of Coronado
Spanish Rule of
the New World
Centralized Government
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Viceroys appointed to carry out
Spanish policy
Colonies existed for Spanish profit
Colonies forced to buy finished
goods from Spain
Spain controlled trade, encouraged
export of raw materials, discouraged
manufacturing
Indian Laborers
Conquistadors given land
 Encomiendas- Grants entitled
them to land and taxes from
peons (2nd son of nobility)
Type of system of slavery even
though laws protected Indians
Replaced by haciendas
Encouraged settlement
Given by viceroys
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Spanish Missionaries
Indians’ suffering bothered
Catholic missionaries
 De Las Casas- work with Indians
resulted in King passing laws in
1542 forbidding further
enslavement
 Counter-Reformationmissionaries abroad
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“Black Legend”
B. De Las Casas
 Read Write up 397
 Spain destroys indigenous
people
 7 million reduced to 1 million
Disease, war, slavery
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King claimed absolute power
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Council of Indies- officials made laws for
new lands
 Laws
made in Spain and sent to 2 capitals
 Mexico
 Goal:
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City (Tenochtitlan) and Lima, Peru
Profit for the crown
Viceroy (royal agent)- mattered little to
natives
City- ruled Spain’s land in N. America
 Lima- ruled Spain’s land in S. America
 Mexico
The Officials
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No American-born could hold high office
Spanish born planned to return to Spain
Conquistadors- those who seized native
land
Search for God, glory, gold
Many willing to take chances- no middle
class
Goal: Gain money for themselves and
crown
Class Structure of New
World
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Europeans (stay was temporary)
Wives
returned to Spain for
childbirth
Creoles (Europeans who live, stay
and marry only Europeans)
 Mestizo and Mulattos (mixed race)
 Indians
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What was taken?
750,000 pounds of gold
 16,000 tons of silver
 1/5 – 1/3 went to Spanish king
 **Spain’s importance in Europe
grew**
 Inflation- value of money decreases
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Portuguese Colonization of Brazil
Missionaries sent
 Cabral claims Brazil
 Settlement by wealthy nobles
who received land
 Colonies attracted settlers
from all classes (unlike
Spanish)
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Dutch and English Exploration
Looking for route to Asia
 Northwest Passage- waterway
through North America to Asia
 1497 Henry VII (England) sends
John Cabot to Americas
 Henry Hudson sails for Dutch
merchants
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John Cabot
Italian
 Reaches Newfoundland
 Describes different land than
Columbus
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Cabot’s Voyages
John
Cabot
Henry Hudson
1609
 English explorer
 Establishes colony on New
Netherland for the Dutch
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Henry
Hudson
Henry
Hudson
Hudson
Dutch Trading Empire
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Dutch East India Company 1602
 gained
control of Portuguese ports in
Asia
 Only country allowed to trade with
Japan
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Dutch West India Company 1621
 Controlled
most of slave trade
 No missionaries
 Trade for profit
English Trading Empire
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English East India Company 1600
Est. by Queen Elizabeth I
Fought French for trading posts
in India
Privateers- private ships
authorized by govt. to attack
enemy shipping
Used
ships
to capture Spanish treasure
England’s American
Colonies
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Reasons for settlement:
Religious persecution
(Puritans)
Economic opportunity
French in North America
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Early explorers sent by King Frances I
 Jacques
Cartier 1535- reached St.
Lawrence and claims Eastern Canada
for France (New France)
 Samuel de Champlain 1608- est.
Quebec as first permanent French
colony in North America
built
fur trade
French in North America
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Later explorers- second half of
1600’s
Louis Joliet (fur trader) and Jacques
Marquette (priest)
 Travel
by boat through Great Lakes,
Wisconsin, Mississippi River
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La Salle (French nobleman) 1682Explored lower Mississippi
 Claimed
entire Mississippi River
Valley for Louis XIV
Louisiana
French Economic Activities
Fur trade was primary source of
wealth
 Farming was unsuccessful
Shortage of labor- only Catholic
peasants could emigrate
People went to plantations in
West Indies
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Conflicts Over French Colonies
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4 wars fought over North American
continent
French and Indian War 1754
 Both
sides had Indian allies
 1763 Treaty of Paris signed as France
surrenders
French
lose most of their land- keep
Caliifornia
England gains Canadian land
Spain gains land west of Mississippi
French power in America broken
Nature of the
Rule of Philip II
Philip II background
th
 16
century (1156-1598)
 Trade and Expansion
 Champion of Catholicism
 Charles V gives Spain to son
Religion and Philip II
Spain strongest supporter of
Catholicism
 Enemy of Protestants (Ottomans,
Dutch, English)
 Hundred Years War- France and
Spain sign treaty ending
(religious) conflict over Italy
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The Battle of Lepanto
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Philip organized united force of
Spanish, Genovese, and Venetians to
fight Turks
Pope had urged action
Turkish naval force defeated at
Lepanto, October 1571
Last great Spanish naval victory
Turkish power in Mediterranean
weakened
Philip’s Empire
Spain
 Duchy of Milan
 Kingdom of Naples
 Netherlands
 Portugal (land seized when king
dies without heir)
Portuguese land in Africa, India,
East Indies
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Wealth and Power Grow
Military expanded
Late 1500’s- strongest and
largest military in Europe
 Escorial- became center of Spanish
empire
Functions- palace and monastery
Massive fort, castle,
conservative, power
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Hardworking King
Demanded report from advisors
 Agonized over decisions- slowed
empire down
 Allowed no help (suspicious)
 Rivalry with England- seadogs,
religion
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Spanish Golden Age
El Greco- religious and dramatic
art
***demonstrated strength of
Spanish Catholicism
 Velazquez- artist
Themes showed pride in royal
family
 Cervantes- writer
Satires of Middle Ages
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