Transcript ACCC Age of Exploration

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News Report!
AT LEAST 16 PEOPLE DIED AFTER THE COSTA
CONCORDIA CRUISE SHIP RAN AGROUND WITH
MORE THAN 4,000 PASSENGERS AND CREW ON 13
JANUARY, ONLY HOURS AFTER LEAVING THE ITALIAN
PORT OF CIVITAVECCHIA. THE MAPS AND GRAPHICS
BELOW REVEAL DETAILS ABOUT THE VESSEL AND ITS
ILL-FATED JOURNEY.
'The lifeboats did not lower properly, the crew didn't
know what to do, they were unprepared in dealing
with an emergency, wrong orders were given such as
being told to return to cabins.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/new
s/world-europe-16563562
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1 ½ -2 pages typed double spaced 12 font
Current Event Due Next Week January 31st
Would a more rigorous passenger safety
lesson have saved any of those who lost
their lives aboard that ship?
Should the Captain of the ship be charged
with manslaughter? In your opinion, what
should happen to the captain of the
Concordia disaster?
Effects of the Reformation
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Protestant churches flourished, new
denominations developed.
Council of Trent-Catholic Church more unified
Catholics/Protestants emphasized education in
their beliefs.
Status of women in church (stayed same)
Individual monarchs and states gained power
Led to Enlightenment-questioning churches
beliefs.
Overthrowing existing governments
Age of Exploration
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Pretend you are an explorer in the 1400’s. You
are asked to explore a completely UNKNOWN
island. You do not know what lives there, how to
get there (exactly) or how long you will be
there.
– What will you do?
– What rewards (besides jewels) might come from
exploring the sea?
– What risks might you entail by embarking on such an
unknown journey?
Around 987 Viking’s
(Scandinavians)accidentally visit North
America continent.
 Why? Early 1400’s Europeans ready to
venture beyond borders. (Renaissance –
adventure and curiosity) Set up trading
links with spice producing lands in Asia.
 Explored during Crusades (control of Holy
Lands), Marco Polo reached China.
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Motives: 3 G’s Gold, God, and Glory!
FOR GOLD, GOD, and
GLORY!
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GOLD! (WEALTH! )
– New spices in Europe
(introduced during the
Crusades) = demand
for the spices.
– Europeans wanted to
cut out the middle
man !
– Europeans try to find
new trade routes
because they want new
sources of wealth.
Muslims sold
Spices to Italians
for lots of $
Europe buys
it for a
higher price
Italians
sell it
to Europe
for
MORE $$$
GOD (Spread of
Christianity)& Glory!
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The Crusades pushed Christians to feel
it was their duty to spread their
religion and convert people to
Christianity ( and not to be Muslim)
Glory-Be the first to conquer!
Technology
 New
vessel- Caravel, Sturdier than
vassals. Triangular sails helped sail
against the wind.
 Used astrolabe, (Muslim invention)
(rings to sight altitude of stars),
compass (Chinese invention)
 Sextant used 1700s-determine
latitude and longitude
TECHNOLOGY HELPS !
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The introduction of the Caravel made travel
easier !
– 65 feet long = more space for food/ppl.
– Able to explore
close to shore.
- Larger sails for
easier movement
and power!
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
[Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons Technology
Portugal Leads the Way
Leader in sailing Portugal. 1st Euro
country establish trading outposts along
West Coast of Africa. Portuguese
pushed further into Indian Ocean.
 Prince Henry (son of Portugal King)
Used own fortune organized 14
voyages along west coast of Africa.
 Henry-Founded navigation school 1419.
Portugal's established trading posts on
Africans shores
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Portuguese Sailors Reach
Africa
 Portuguese
thought to reach Asia, sail
around Tip of Africa.
 Bartolomeu Dias 1488 ventured far
down coast of the tip of Africa. Storm
took him to South east tip of Africa.
Exhausted, low on supplies, captain
returned home. He wanted to go to
India though!
Vasco de Gama Vasco
de Gama-1498 began
exploring East African Coast. Reached
Calicut –coast of India. Spices, silks,
and gems.
 Filled ship with spices. 27,00 miles
Portugal had direct sea route to India!
Spain Makes Claims
 Spain
monarchs want to find direct
route to Asia.
 1492-Christopher Columbus convinced
Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella)
 Sailed west across Atlantic Ocean.
Columbus reached island of Caribbean.
He thought he was in East Indies
Oops!
Rivalry
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Pope Alexander VI stepped in to
keep peace btwn Spain and
Portugal. Imaginary line North to
South threw Atlantic Ocean. All
lands west of line Spain, all lands
east of Line Portugal. 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas.
Spain
Portugal
 Portuguese
took control of spice
trade from Muslim merchants
 English and Dutch challenge.
Dutch (Netherlands)-sea power,
Largest fleet ships in the world
20,000 vessels.
 Dutch East India Company direct trade routes to Asia, make
treaties, mint money, raise armies.
Dutch drove out English.
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Amerigo Vespucci
 first explorer to come up with the
idea that these new places were not
Asia but a "New World."
 In 1507, a pamphlet "The Four
Voyages of Amerigo" and the author
suggested that the new land that
Amerigo had explored be named in
his honor.
New Voyages
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John Cabot- discovered Newfoundland
(Canada) while trying to find a Northwest
Passage to Asia under Henry
VIII(England) .
Pedro Cabral- (Portugal) discovered S.
America by accident.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa-Spain- went
across Isthamus of Panama and first to
discover Pacific Ocean 1513.
Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Christopher Columbus
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Daring voyage in Spain 1492. Sailed west across
Atlantic, searching for Asia. Landed in
Caribbean.
Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria sailed out of port.
Landed in Bahamas. The Taino were living there.
Called island San Salvador “Holy Savior.”
Goal: Transform Caribbean into colonies. first to
explore the West Indies, Cuba, and
Hispaniola
Isabelle and Ferdinand delighted, finance 3 more
trips.
Ferdinand Magellan
1519-Convinced King of Spain to fund
voyage, 250 men, 5 ships, sailed around
southern end of South America and into
Pacific. Food supplies ran out, explored
Guam, Philippines, became involved in
local wars and was killed.
 Out of whole crew 18 men and one ship
arrived back in 1522 (3 years later) First
persons to circumnavigate-sail
around the world.
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Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16c
Asia
 1600s-Dutch
control Indian Ocean
trade. Trading posts in Asian
countries. Controlled Cape of Good
hope.
 English East India Companyestablish posts in India. English joinstock company ended up trading mainly
with the Indian subcontinent.
INDIA BEFORE CONTACT
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Mughal Empire was richer &
more powerful than any kingdom
in Europe.
 They did not want to trade with
Europe. Still, Mughal emperors
allowed European trading
companies to build forts along
the coast of India
INDIA AFTER CONTACT
 Mughal
government collapsedFrench and English traders
fought for control of India
 The British East India Company
used an army of British troops
and sepoys. The company
gained control of India
Isolation
1433-China abandons voyages of
exploration
 1500s Chinese severely restrict trade
with foreigners.
 1612-Japans outlaws Christianity and
drove out Christian missionaries.
 1630s Japan “closed country policy”
isolated from Europe for next 200
years
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Americas
Spanish Conquests in
Mexico
Hernando Cortes-Spaniard landed in
Mexico.
 Conquistadors (Spanish
conquerors) -carved out colonies in
Mexico, SAmerica, and US
 Spanish were first European settlers in
America.
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LOCATION:
CONQUISTADORS
Cortes Conquerors the Aztecs
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Cortes and 600 men meet Aztec capital
Tenochtitlan (emperor Montezuma II)
1520 -fighting and killing began btwn
Spaniards and Aztecs.
Cortes conquered Aztec bc 1) superior
weaponry-muskets and cannons. Aztecs only
had arrows., 2) Various native groups helped
Cortes 3) Disease- Measles, mumps, smallpox,
and typhus European diseases brought to
Americas. ****NAmericans had no immunity
to these diseases.
Spanish Conquests in Peru
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Francisco Pizarro marched force into South
America (1532) Conquered the Incan Empire
in Peru. (civil war occurring) 200 men.
Emperor of Incan Emperor (Atahualpa),
Spaniards kidnapped him and killed him.
Remaining force of men after death of
Ahtulpa retreated. Spain had steel weapons,
gunpowder, horses
Spain created American empire- New Spain
(Mexico and Guatemala) , lands in Caribbean
and Central/South America.
Mestizo
Relationships btwn Native Americans and
Spanish common the mixed population
called (Mestizos)
 -Spanish conquerors oppressed natives
for precious resources.
 Encomienda-Natives farmed, ranched,
or mined for Spanish landlords.
 Abuses occurred, and many natives were
worked to death. 1542 system abolished.
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 Mulattoes:
People of
African and European
descent.
 Mestizos and Mulattoes
were the lowest social
class.
Spain’s Influence Expands
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16th century Spain’s colonies richest most
powerful nation in the world. Built a
powerful navy, and army.
In 1513- Juan Ponce de Leon landed in
Florida and claimed it for Spain.
Mostly priests sent to Southwest to explore ad
colonize. (no riches)
New Mexico filled with Missionaries,
headquarters for Catholic Region. Capital
Santa Fe “Holy Faith”
Africa and Slave Trade
Atlantic Slave Trade
African slaves used for sugar and
tobacco plantations (NA’s died from
disease, warfare, and brutal treatment)
 1500 -European colonists began
enslaving Africans in the Americas.
 Slaves needed for increased sugar and
cotton plantations in the West Indies
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Slavery in Africa
Advantages of Africans 1) exposed
European diseases, immunity. 2)
experience in farming 3) less likely to
escape land is not familiar. 4) skin color
easy to catch them
 Americas-African slave trade-Buying and
selling of Africans for work in Americas
 1500-1600 300,000 Africans transported
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to Americas.
 By 1870, 9.5 million Africans came to
Americas
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17th century 40 percent of all Africans went
to Brazil.
How did it start? European traders waited
in ports. African merchants with the help of
local rulers captured Africans to be
enslaved. Delivered slaves in exchange for
guns, gold, and other goods.
Triangular trade-Transatlantic trading
network.
Step 1 Europeans transported goods to
Africa, Step 2 Africans transported across
Atlantic, and sold. Step 3 Merchants bought
sugar, coffee and tobacco and sailed to
Europe with these products.
Africans enslaved in the
Americas 1451-1870
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Total Number imported: 9.5 million
40% Caribbean Islands (Dutch, French,
British)
4% British North America
2% Europe, Asia
16% Spanish America and Spanish Caribbean
38% Portuguese Brazil
Middle Passage
 Voyage
brought captured Africans
to West Indies (Later to N and S
America)
 Cruelty, dark holds of large ships,
whipping and beating, diseases
spread, suicide 20% perished on
slave ships.