Transcript lesson - european exploration - World History with Miss Bunnell

The Age of Exploration & the
Atlantic World
Europeans Seek Greater Wealth
► Desire
for new sources of wealth was the
main reason for European exploration.
► People of Europe had been introduced
to spices & luxury goods from Asia during Crusades
 They liked nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper.
► Because
demand for these were high, merchants could
charge high prices and makes lots of $$$.
► Italians & Muslims controlled trade East to
West.
 European monarchs wanted to bypass this
costly area, and needed new trade
routes to Asia.
The 3 Reasons of Exploration
► God
 The belief in the one true Christian God.
 Catholicism as the model of Christianity.
► Glory
 Belief that your country is the best
 Monarchs desiring power and control
► Gold
 Wealth
 Whoever has the most money is the most
powerful
Technological Advances
► While
“God, Glory, and
Gold” were the motives,
advances in sailing made
voyages possible.
► Early ships could not sail
against the wind…but in
1400’s shipbuilders
designed a new sturdy
vessel—the caravel.
► Caravels had triangular
sails that allowed it to
sail against the wind.
► Also used the astrolabe
to navigate.
Portugal Leads the Way
► The
Leader in
developing & applying
sailing innovations was
Portugal.
► Portugal is located on
the Atlantic, at SW
corner of Europe.
► Portugal was first to
establish outposts
along coast of Africa,
eventually pushing east
into the Indian Ocean.
Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia
► The
Portuguese believed that
to reach Asia by sea you
must sail around the tip of
Africa—Cape of Good
Hope.
► 1488: Dias ventured to the
tip of Africa, and in a storm
was steered east of Africa.
► 1498: Vasco da Gama
reached India…
►His voyage of 27,000 miles
had given Portugal direct a sea
route to Asia.
The Spanish Follow in Exploration
►
►
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►


The Spanish continued to watch the Portuguese and their profitable trade with
envy…Spain’s monarch wanted trade routes to Asia too!
1492: Christopher Columbus convinces the Spanish monarchs that he can find
a faster route to Asia by sailing west. Oct. 1492 he reaches
Caribbean/Bahamas.
Rivalry between
Spain and Portugal
grows more tense.
1493: Pope steps in
to stop a war. Suggests drawing an
an imaginary line
down through the
Atlantic.
Called the Line of Demarcation.
All land east of the line is
Portugal’s, and west of the line is Spain’s.
Treaty of Tordesillas
► Portugal
complained
that the line gave too
much land to Spain, so
it was moved farther
west to include parts
of modern-day Brazil
for the Portuguese.
► 1494: Spain &
Portugal signed the
Treaty of Tordesillas,
where they agreed to
honor the line.
1. Portugal’s Trading Empire
Portuguese built a trading
empire in the Indian Ocean
and took the spice trade from
the Muslims.
► 1514: They built a fort at
Hormuz connecting the
Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea.
► They would continue to move
east, capturing ports west of
India at Goa & Malaysia (Spice
Islands).
► By breaking the
Muslim/Italian trade control,
they brought back goods at
1/5 the original cost !
►
2. Spanish Trading Empire
► 1521:
Spanish expedition
by Ferdinand Magellan
arrived in the Philippines
claiming them for Spain.
► Magellan is known as
the first explorer to
circumnavigate the
globe.
► By early 1600’s rest of
Europe begins to
descend on Asia, est.
their own trade
networks in the East.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fg6
pXhZxbOI
Spanish Conquests in America
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SETTING THE STAGE:
Competition for wealth in
the East among Europeans
was fierce.
This prompts sea Captain
Christopher Columbus to
make daring voyage for Spain
in 1492. He sails west, to get
to the East.
Instead of landing in Asia, he
makes land on a Caribbean
island.
This act brings together the
peoples of Europe, Africa and
the Americas—changing the
world forever.
Columbus’s Voyage of Discovery
► There’s
not much
excitement when the
Niña, the Pinta, and the
Santa Maria leave a
Spanish port on
August 3, 1492.
► In a matter of months,
Columbus’s fleet would
make history.
First Encounters
Oct. 12, 1492: Columbus
and his men come ashore.
Thinking he had successfully
reached the East Indies, he called the locals “Indians”.
 He had miscalculated…landing on an island in the Caribbean
he named “San Salvador”.
► As Columbus moved through the Caribbean he claimed each
island in the name of Spain.
► 1493: he returns to Spain, and is ordered by the monarchs to go
back to the “New World” and build an empire.
► After disappointing loss of life and control over the natives,
Christopher Columbus lost most of his reputation.
 Died in 1506 still believing he’d found a faster route to Asia.
►
2. Other Explorers Take to the Seas
► 1500:
Pedro Cabral reaches Brazil and claims it
for Portugal.
► 1500: Amerigo Vespucci sailing for Portugal
travels along east coast of South America.
 1507: a German mapmaker named the continent
“America” in honor Vespucci.
► 1519:
Vasco de Balboa marched through Panama
and became first to see the Pacific Ocean from
America.
► 1522: Magellan’s expedition rounds tip of S.
America and sails across Pacific to Philippines,
then on back to Spain becoming first to
circumnavigate the globe.
 But of the 230 men and five ships who started the
journey, only 1 ship and 18 men make it back to Spain.
Spain Builds an American
Empire
► 1519:
Hernando Cortes
lands on shores of
Mexico, then marched
inland looking to claim
new lands for Spain.
 Cortes and many other
Spanish explorers were
known as conquistadors
(conquerors).
► They
would carve out
colonies that would
become S. America,
Mexico and the U.S.
Cortes Conquers the
Aztecs
►
►
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After landing in Mexico, Cortes learns
of a vast and wealthy Aztec Empire in
central Mexico.
He and his 600 troops reach the capital
of Tenochtitlan and met the Aztec
ruler Montezuma II who is convinced
they are gods.
Cortes is not satisfied with the riches
given to him and forces the Aztecs to
mine for more riches.
1520: the Aztecs rebel against the
Spanish, but the Spanish strike back.
And despite being outnumbered,
Cortes and his men conquer the Aztecs
in 1521.
Cortes Conquers the Aztecs (cont)
► Factors
Leading to Cortes’ victory:
 Spanish had superior weaponry.
►Aztec
arrows were no match for armor and gunpowder.
 Cortes used other natives (the Aztecs’ enemies)
against them.
 Natives could not stop the invisible warrior—disease.
►Measles,
mumps and
smallpox
►Indians had no resistance
to these diseases, and they
died in the 100’s
of thousands.
Spain’s New Social Structure
► Spanish
drew on experience with
the Muslims and established a slave
class.
 Peninsulares: Spanish-born settlers
to America
 Creoles: Descendants of Peninsulares,
but born in America.
 Mestizos: Mixed Caucasian/Indian.
 Mulattoes: Mixed Caucasian/African.
 Indians: lowest of the social classes—
no rights.
► Spanish
forced Indians to work on
a plantation system—
encomiendas
Spain Expands its Influence
► Spain’s
colonies in
America made it the
richest, most powerful
nation in the world
during the 1500’s.
 Ships loaded with
gold/treasure continually
sailed into Spanish harbors.
► To
protect its treasure
fleet, it built a powerful
navy and excellent army
 For a century and a half, its
army never lost a battle.
Conquistadors Push North
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Dreams of conquest prompted the Spanish to back expeditions
into what is now the SW United States.
1513: Juan Ponce de Leon
wandered through Florida and
claims it for Spain.
1540: Francisco Coronado leads
expedition through much of the
American Southwest searching
for Cibola—the lost city of Gold….which he never finds.
1609: Spanish priests
build a capital of Spain’s
northern territory on the
Rio Grande—Santa Fe
(“Holy Faith”)
The Portuguese in Brazil
► 1500:
Pedro Cabral
claimed the land for
Portugal, and during 1530’s
colonists begin to settle on
the coastal region.
►
The Portuguese, like the
Spanish, conquer the natives—
many of whom die of disease.
► Finding
little gold or silver,
the settlers begin to grow
sugar, building huge
plantations, clearing rain
forests and using natives as
slave labor.
Competing Claims in North America
► SETTING
THE STAGE: Spain’s successful colonization efforts in
the Americas did not go unnoticed.
► Other European nations soon became interested in obtaining
their own valuable colonies across the Atlantic.
► Although the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World
between Portugal and Spain, other nations ignored it…and set
up empires in the Americas of their own.
European Nations Settle North America
Magellan’s voyage around Cape
Horn showed that ships could
reach Asia by way of the Pacific,
but Spain claimed the route
around South America.
► If it existed, a “Northwest
Passage” through N. America
would become highly profitable.
► The Dutch, French, & English
establish colonies in hopes of
finding a quicker route
connecting the Atlantic and
Pacific.
►
Explorers Establish New France
►
Just as Columbus had before them, French
explorers sailed west hoping to reach the East
Indies.
►
1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed
to N. Amer. While he didn’t find the
NW passage to the Pacific, he did
discover what is today New York
Harbor.
1534: Jacques Cartier reached the St.
Lawrence River, until he reached a hill
which he named Mont Royal
(Montreal).
1608: Samuel de Champlain sailed up
the St. Lawrence and claimed the
region for France, naming it Quebec.
The settlement grew and became
France’s base in America known as
New France.
►
►
Explorers Establish New France
(cont.)
► After
Establishing Quebec,
French explorers go further
west.
► 1673: French priest Jacques
Marquette and trader Louis
Joliet explore Great Lakes
and upper Mississippi River.
► 1683: Sieur de La Salle,
explores lower Mississippi,
and claims entire river valley
for France and names it
Louisiana, in honor of King
Louis XIV.
French Trading Empire
► France’s
N. Amer. Empire was HUGE…but
sparsely populated.
► Large amounts of colonists had no interest in
building towns or raising families—many are
priests, and young single men engaged in fur
trapping.
► The French were far less interested in
occupying territories; they were interested in
making money off the land.
The English Settle at Jamestown
► 1606:
A company of London
investors obtained a charter
from King James to found
colony in N. America.
► 1607: 3 ships and 100 settlers
reached the coast of Virginia.
The named their settlement
Jamestown in honor of the
king.
► The colony’s start was a
disaster—settlers more
interested in finding gold, than
farming.
► During early years 7 out of 10
people died of hunger, disease
or fighting local tribes.
The English Settle Jamestown (cont.)
► Despite
nightmarish start, Jamestown becomes England’s first
permanent settlement in America.
► Jamestown improved greatly after the discovery and cultivating
of a new cash crop – Tobacco!
 There was high demand for
the tobacco back in England,
and the trading companies made a
lot of money.
Puritans Create a “New England”
►
1620: While settlers struggle at
Jamestown, another group
called Pilgrims founded 2nd
English colony, Plymouth, in
Mass.
 They were Protestants and left
England for religious freedom.
►
8 years later, another group
called Puritans also sought
freedom from the Anglican
Church—establishing a larger
colony at nearby Mass. Bay.
► Mostly settled by families.
Colonizing the Caribbean
►
In the 1600’s other Europeans colonize the Caribbean.
 French seize control of Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique.
 English settle Barbados and Jamaica.
 Dutch captured what are now Antilles, and Aruba.
►
They built huge
tobacco & sugar
plantations on
these islands, and
will start to use
African slaves as
the labor.
England Battles France
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By pushing further into
N. America, the English
collide w/ France’s colonies.
These two long-time enemies
took their dislikes for one
another to N. America.
1754: Dispute over lands in the
Ohio River Valley leads to a
conflict known as the
French & Indian War.
This became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years’
War in Europe--as Britain, France, and their allies also battled for
territory & colonies in Europe and in the West Indies.
1763: British defeat the French, and as a result the French lose
almost ALL lands in N. America
 now British control nearly the entire eastern half of the continent!
The Atlantic Slave Trade
► SETTING
THE STAGE:
Sugar plantations
and tobacco farms
req’d a large supply
of workers to make
them profitable.
► Europeans HAD used
Indians for forced
labor, but millions of them died from disease & warfare.
► Therefore, Europeans in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the
southern colonies of N. America turned to Africa for
workers.
Slavery in Africa
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As elsewhere, slavery had existed in Africa for many years. As
Islam spread into Africa, so did the slave trade.
African rulers justified slavery with the Islamic belief that nonMuslim POW’s could be bought and sold as slaves.
However, slavery in Africa and SW Asia was not final. It wasn’t
hereditary—so children of slaves weren’t necessarily slaves
themselves, and you
could marry out
of slavery.
The Desire for Africans
► First
Europeans to explore west Africa
were the Portuguese in the 1400’s.
► As Indians in America began dying of
overwork and disease, Europeans became
desperate for new workers—looked to Africa.
► Using Africans had several advantages:
 Many had already been exposed to European diseases.
 Many Africans already had experience in Farming.
 Africans, as strangers to N. America had little knowledge of
land or tribes—thus they are less likely to run off!
► In
time, the buying/selling of Africans—known as the
Atlantic Slave Trade—became a massive enterprise.
Spain & Portugal Lead the Way
Spain took an early lead in bringing
Africans to
America.
 By 1650, nearly 300,000
Africans worked on Spanish
plantations and in mines.
► The Portuguese soon pass the
Spanish—during the
1600’s more than 40% of
all Africans brought to Americas
went to Brazil to work on sugar
plantations.
►
Slavery Spreads Throughout the
Americas
►
As other Europeans colonize,
demand for cheap labor increased—
and also imported Africans for
labor.
►
As England’s presence grew, it began
to dominate the slave trade from
1690 until it abolished slavery in 1807.
►
A much smaller number ended up in
England’s N. American colonies—only about 400,000.
 But once IN the colonies the slave pop. grew…
 By 1830, roughly 2 million slaves toiled in what would
become the U.S.
African Cooperation & Resistance
► Many
African rulers & merchants played a willing role in slave trade,
whether selling to Europeans or Muslims.
► Most European traders, rather than travel inland, waited in ports.
 African merchants, with help of local rulers, did the “capturing”…and then
brought the captives to the coast.
► As
the trade grew, however, many rulers began to became opposed to
it—but nevertheless it continued.
 African rulers cared more about the money made from selling slaves than about
protecting the people they had helped destroy.
A Forced Journey
► After
being captured, African
men & women were shipped
to the Americas as part of a
profitable trade network.
► Along the way, millions of
captured Africans endured a
dehumanizing voyage across
the Atlantic, and many died
along the way.
The Middle
Passage
► The
voyage bringing
Africans to the Caribbean
and later the Americas was
known as the Middle Passage.
► It was so named, because it was considered the “middle
leg” of the triangular trade.
► Africans were packed into the dark holds of ships, which
were filled with the smell of blood, sweat, and excrement.
► Numerous slaves died on the
voyage from disease or abuse
 roughly 20% of all who
boarded, died along the way.
The Triangular Trade
► Africans
transported to Americas were part of a trade
network known as the
triangular trade:
1. Finished goods were shipped
from Europe to Africa.
2. Africans slaves were traded for the goods,
and then shipped to the Americas,
especially the Caribbean.
3. Foods and raw materials were then
shipped from the Caribbean to North America & Europe
-- completing “the triangle.”
Consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade
1.Numerous cultures/tribes lost generations of
members—their young and able.
their fittest
2. Countless African families were torn apart, many of whom
were never reunited.
3. The slave trade introduced more guns to Africa—helping to
spread war & conflict among African kings who were anxious to
expand into each other’s territory.
The Columbian Exchange
The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the
colonization of the Americas is known as the Columbian
Exchange.
► Ships from America brought back items that Europeans, Asians
& Africans had never seen before—tomatoes, squash, pineapples,
tobacco & cocoa beans (for chocolate), as well as corn &
potatoes.
► Europeans brought to the Americas livestock such as pigs, horses
& cattle. Foods from Africa like bananas, black-eyed peas and
yams.
► Negatively, disease was
just as big a part of the
exchange as food—
smallpox, measles, etc.
brought TO America led
to the death of millions
of Native Americans.
►
Growth of Mercantilism
► Mercantilism
was a new economic policy that started
during the 1500’s that stated a country’s power depended
mainly on its wealth.
► Also, a country should establish a favorable balance of
trade—in which it sells more goods than it buys.
► Mercantilism went hand-in-hand with colonization.
 Aside from gold & silver, colonies provided raw materials to the
home country, and a market
for the home country to sell
finished goods to.
Joint-Stock Companies
► Joint-Stock
Companies involve a number of people
combining their wealth for a common purpose.
► B/c Joint-stock co.’s involve numerous investors, indiv.
members paid only a fraction of total colony cost.
► If colony failed, investors only
lost their small share.
► If it thrived, then the investor
shared in the profits.
► Ex: Jamestown was considered a
joint-stock company.