Transcript Chapter 7
Chapter 7 European Exploration Native American Civilizations • Pueblos-Native Americans who lived in the Southwest area of North America. – Lived in caves or homes made of dried clay. – They also had to deal with the hardships of living in the desert Plains Indians-lived in tepees and traveled around in search of buffalo, elk and antelope Eastern Native Americans • Mound Builders-Indians who built earthen mounds as grave sites or temple mounds. • Effigy mound-another mound built that was in the shape of an animal or object • Iroquois Confederacy-league formed by six tribes in the northeast United States • Five Civilized Tribes-alliance of 5 Indian tribes who had peaceful relationships with neighboring tribes Central and South America • Mayas-lived in modern day Guatemala and the Yucatan Peninsula. Known for their mathematical skills, pyramids and human sacrifices • Aztecs-Indian group that put a large emphasis on human sacrifice • Tenochtitlan-capital of the Aztec empire that was built on an island • Quetzalcoatl-Aztec god who was believed to have once lived on the earth and who would one day return • Incas-Indian civilization located on the western edge of South America • Cuzco-capital of the Incan empire where large buildings were built out of stone with great precision Reasons for European Exploration • Economic-countries wanted to trade with other countries and make money • Social-explorers wanted to become popular and famous • Political-each country encouraged exploring to build their empires • Religious-some explorers wanted to spread Christianity – Prester John-a mythical Christian king in Africa who the Europeans wanted to use to defeat the Muslims Technology • Shipbuilding – Caravel-a new type of ship that could travel on the open sea and sail in shallow waters also Maps -New maps were created which showed the trade winds, belts of consistent winds that blow from east to west Instruments -Compass-instrument that allowed sailors to set a course and follow its direction -Astrolabe-instrument that allowed sailors to determine latitude by measuring angles -Dead reckoning-method used by early sailors in which estimates were used Growth of European Exploration • Prince Henry-Portuguese leader who set up a school for navigation in the 15th century to help train sailors for navigation • Bartolomeu Dias-first explorer to sail around the tip of Africa and prove that you could reach India by sailing around Africa • Cape of Good Hope-the southern tip of Africa • Vasco da Gama-Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa and was the first to sail to India • Francis Xavier-Jesuit missionary who went to Japan to try to convert the people to Catholicism Spanish Exploration • Christopher Columbus-explorer who thought that one could get to India by sailing west • He was rejected by the Portuguese but met with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain who agreed to pay for his trip • Columbus hoped to find a shorter way to the Indies and landed in the Caribbean thinking he had already made it. He was right about sailing west to get east but didn’t sail far enough Explorers • Ferdinand Magellan-sailed from Spain in an attempt to sail around the world. He was killed in the Philippines but the rest of his crew continued on and returned home after 3 years away • Francis Drake-English explorer who was sent to sail around the world so England could compete with Spain and Portugal Spanish Conquest • Conquistadors-men sent by Spain to find gold, conquer native people and make them Christians. These men destroyed native civilizations in search for gold and treasure • Hernando Cortes-conquistador who encountered the Aztec people and their leader, Montezuma. Cortes convinced them that he was a representative of their god and eventually massacred the Aztecs and took their gold South America • Francisco Pizarro-conquistador who encountered the Incan people. He led an army to Peru and captured the Incan leader, Atahualpa. Pizarro demanded that they fill two rooms with gold and silver and he would release Atahualpa. The Incas filled the rooms but Pizarro murdered Atahualpa anyway and made himself ruler Exploration • Battle of Lepanto-naval battle between Catholic nations and the Ottoman (Muslim) Empire • Bartolome de Las Casas-Roman Catholic friar who came to the Americas to serve as a missionary to the Indians and spoke out against the treatment they received