Transcript Native American Histories before Conquest

Native American Histories
before Conquest
❝ 20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters become
first American inhabitants
❝ 14,000 years ago--Humans reach tip of
South America.
❝ These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from
many communicative diseases
Routes of the First
Americans
The Environmental Challenge:
Food, Climate, and Culture
• Native Americans enjoyed an abundant
supply of meat
– Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the
–
extinction of several large species
Climatic warming probably played a much bigger
role
• 5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution
– Crops include maize, squash, and beans
– Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to
permanent villages or large cities
❝ Nomadic Asians
❝
❝
followed herd animals
into the Americas.
American Peoples
experienced their own
Neolithic Revolution.
Pre-Columbian (before
Columbus) Civilizations
❝ Grew maize (corn)
❝ Did not live in river valleys
❝ Developed complex
societies
UCLA.edu
Early Americans
How did the Ice
Age effect the
population of the
Americas?
What if it had
not occurred?
North American-Native Americans
❝ Native Groups are Diverse
❝ Mesoamerica: First
(Mayan?) then Aztecs, Incas
❝
Large agriculture, large
population, cities, imperial in
nature, social stratification,
Pre-historic (no writing) limited
metal technology, polytheistic,
theocratic, imperial
❝ Atlantic Coast:
❝
❝
Hunter/Gatherer
Small groups/limited
nomadic/some Agriculture,
prehistoric, stone-age
technology
Eastern Woodland Cultures
❝ Atlantic Coast of North America
❝ Native Americans lived in smaller bands
❝ Agriculture supplemented by hunting and
gathering
❝ Likely were the first natives encountered by
English settlers
Locations of Major Indian Groups
and Culture Areas in the 1600s
American Indian
Culture Regions
American Indians
are diverse!
•When Europeans first arrived in America,
they noticed that the Natives were very
diverse
•Different cultures were developed by
Native peoples, based on their
environment
•Scholars group Native Americans who
shared similar cultures into culture regions
(or culture areas)
Culture
everything that makes
up the way of life of a
people
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Shelter
Tools
Language
Clothing
Arts
Religion
Government
10 Culture Regions
1. Arctic
2. Subarctic
3. Northwest
Coast
4. Plateau
5. Great Basin
6. California
7. Southwest
8. Great Plains
9. Northeast
10. Southeast
Arctic
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Natural Resources
Little vegetation
Dogs, used for hunting and hauling
Sea mammals major food source
(seals, sea lions, sea otters, walruses,
and whales)Other game (polar bears,
musk oxen, mountain sheep, wolves,
wolverines, foxes, rabbits squirrels,
and waterfowl.
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Physical
Terrain
Large, treeless
plains, called
tundra,
Frozen and
snow-covered
Winters are
long and
severe
Blizzards
Subarctic
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Physical Terrain
Mostly interior
(except Hudson Bay •
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& Pacific coast)
Thick pine forests
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Thousands of lakes,
ponds, swamps,
rivers, and streams •
Long winters with
deep snow and thick
ice
Short summers
Natural Resources
Caribou
Large game (moose, deer, musk
oxen, mountain sheep, bison)
Small game (beaver, mink, otter,
porcupine, rabbit, squirrel, and
waterfowl)
Seeds, berries, bark
Northwest Coast
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Physical Terrain
Narrow coastal region
Cool & damp climate with mild wet winters
and cool summers
Thick forests
Many rivers
Mountains
Evergreen forests
Natural Resources
Lots of food source: seals, sea lions, and
fish (salmon, halibut, herring, cod, and
flounder)
Hunted whales
Hunt deer, elk, bear, and mountain goat
They learned to dry their meat and fish
with smoke
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Physical Terrain
High plateau region,
surrounded by desert &
mountains
Rivers
Natural Resources
Small game
Wild plants (berries & edible
roots)
Fish (Salmon)
Large game in the mountains
(elk, deer, mountain sheep,
bear)
Plateau
Great Basin
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Physical Terrain
Very dry
Surrounded by
mountains, plateaus, &
deserts
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Natural Resources
Sparse vegetation
Very little resources
Small game
Foragers
California
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Physical Terrain
Mountain ranges & Pacific
coastal regions
Forest & deserts
Mild climate, with many warm
days
Varied rainfall
Natural Resources
Acorns from oak trees
Wild plants (berries, nuts,
seeds, roots)
Fish, seafood, small game,
birds, deer
Southwest
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Physical Terrain
Mesas and canyons,
Mountains, deserts
Few rains
Natural Resources
Evergreens
(mountains), cactus
Small game
(rabbits, birds, and
rattlesnakes)
Great Plains
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Physical Terrain
Large inland region
Rolling, fertile tall-grass
prairies
Summers are typically hot
and dry, and winters are
long and harsh.
Natural Resources
American bison (buffalo)
Farmers
Berries
Northeast
Physical Terrain
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Temperate & humid climate
Hundreds of rivers, creating rich soil for agriculture.
Widespread forests
***
Sometimes the area is grouped with the Southeast culture area and
referred to as the Eastern Woodlands.
Natural Resources
Animals (a variety of game, large and small:
fish, deer, rabbit, squirrel, beaver, and
various birds, such as turkey, partridge, duck,
and goose; also hunted moose, elk, and bear)
Southeast
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Physical Terrain
Semitropical
Humid and well-watered
Saltwater marshes, grasses,
rich soils, swamplands,
rounded hills, high grass,
and rolling mountains
Natural Resources
Forests of pine trees
Animals (deer, squirrel,
birds, fish)
Cultural Negotiations
❝ Diversity of language groups, ethnicities
❝ Define place in society through kinship
❝ Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical
formation
❝ Diplomacy, trade, war organized around
reciprocal relationships
Confederacies
of Eastern North America
❝ Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes
Ontario and Erie
❝ Iroquois--Central New York
❝ Powhattans--Chesapeake
“God, gold and glory”
I. Motives for Exploration
A. Technological Advances
1. improved navigational methods:
- magnetic compass and
astrolabe
- improved maps and charts
2. improved ship designs
- the caravel
3. improved weapons
- gunpowder and cannons
Why would this be important?
B. Desire for wealth
1. gain access to the spice trade (also sugar and
silk) Arab and Italian merchants had a monopoly
2. find new sources of gold and
silver
C. Growth of Nation-States
lands.
1. centralized power at home
allowed for an outward push and colonization of new
D. Religious devotion / Crusading Spirit
1. desire to convert new people to
Christianity
2. to strike a blow against the Muslims
E. Renaissance Spirit and Values
1. desire to learn about the world
(intellectual curiosity)
- Marco Polo returns with
stories of the riches in Asia.
2. desire for adventure,
fortune, fame and glory.
II. Portugal and Spain
A. Portugal
1. Portugal led the way
in exploration
a. Prince Henry the Navigator encourages exploration
and the study of improvements in seafaring.
b.location – Portugal was
well situated to explore
based on routes available to
explore.
2. Portuguese sailors explo
ed the coast of Africa in an
attempt to find a water
route to Asian trade.
3. Portuguese explorers included:
Bartholomeu Dias - first to sail around the
southern tip ofAfrica
Vasco da Gama - discovered an all water trade
route between Portugal and India.
B. Spain
1. Columbus sails West in an
attempt to reach Asia.
a. opened the Americas to
European colonization and
trade.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
- Spain and Portugal sign a treaty
dividing the newly
discovered lands between the
two nations
How would you view this treaty if
you were the English, French or
other Europeans
Amerigo Vespucci – Explored the coast of the newly
discovered lands. Suggested Columbus had actually
discovered a new world. Vespucci’s name begins to appear
on maps of the New World
Ferdinand Magellan –
attempted to find a Western route
to Asia, one of his ships will
complete the first circumnavigation
of the earth. (1519-1522)
Spanish conquistador
Hernan Cortes arrived in
Mexico in 1519.
Cortes along with
native allies
defeated the
Aztec.
The “Columbian Exchange”
What is it?
The “Columbian Exchange”
refers to the vast exchange
of people, plants, animals,
ideas and diseases that
began with the “Age of
Exploration”
The “Columbian Exchange”
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Squash
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Avocado
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Peppers
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Sweet Potatoes
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Turkey
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Pumpkin
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Tobacco
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Quinine
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Cocoa
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Pineapple
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Cassava
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POTATO
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Peanut
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TOMATO
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Vanilla
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MAIZE
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Syphilis
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Trinkets
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Liquor
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GUNS
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Olive
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COFFEE BEAN
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Banana
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Rice
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Onion
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Turnip
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Honeybee
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Barley
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Grape
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Peach
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SUGAR CANE
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Oats
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Citrus Fruits
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Pear
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Wheat
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HORSE
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Cattle
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Sheep
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Pigs
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Smallpox
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Flu
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Typhus
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Measles
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Malaria
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Diptheria
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Whooping Cough
A World Transformed
❝ Large numbers of whites profoundly altered
Native cultures
❝ The rate of change varied from place to place
❝ Native traditions changed radically for cultural
survival
Threats to Survival: Trade
❝ Native Americans were eager for European
trade
❝ They became dependent on and indebted to
Europeans
❝ Commerce also influenced warfare patterns
Threats to Survival: Disease
• Contact brings population decline among
•
American Indians
Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic
disease
– smallpox
– measles
– influenza
• Rate as high as ninety-five percent
Myths and Reality
• Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to
finance westward expedition to “Cathay”
• 1492--Initial voyage
• Three subsequent voyages to find cities of
China
• 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached
the Orient
• Made possible Spanish dominion in America
The French Claim Canada
• 1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec
• French Empire eventually includes St.
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Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
French Crown makes little effort to foster
settlement
Fur trade underpins economy
Indians become valued trading partners
The English Enter the
Competition
❝ Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r.
1509-1547)
❝ Achieves preconditions for colonization under
Elizabeth I
Militant Protestantism
• Lutheran Reformation
– God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests
– Justification by faith alone for salvation
• Calvinist Reformation
– John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence
– Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation
• Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe
– France—Huguenots
– Scotland—Presbyterians
– England—Puritans
Woman in Power
• Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch
• Elizabeth introduces Via Media
– Protestant Doctrine
– “Catholic” Ritual
– Ends religious turmoil in England
• Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts
Spanish crusade against England
• England aligned with Protestant nations against
Catholic powers
An Unpromising Beginning:
Mystery at Roanoke
• Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in
1584
– He named the region Virginia after the Virginia Queen
• The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587
• The colonists disappeared without a trace and
their fate remains a mystery
Magellan
❝ Searched for passage
❝
to Pacific Ocean
Sailed through “straits
of Magellan”
❝ Died in Philippines
❝ Crew lst to
circumnavigate the
world
Cabot
❝ Sailed for England
❝ Landed on coast of
New-foundland
❝ Gave England claim
to North America
Ponce de Leon
❝ 1st to land on the
mainland of North
America
❝ Looking for “fountain
of youth”
❝ Established St.
Augustine, Florida
De Soto
❝ Sailed for Spain
❝ Explored Mississippi
River – Present-day
Oklahoma
Coronado
❝ Looking for fabled
seven cities of gold
❝ Explored presentday Arizona and
New Mexico
Cortes
❝ Spanish
Conquistador
❝ Conquered Aztec
emperor
Montezuma
Balboa
❝ Spanish Explorer
❝ Claimed Pacific
Ocean and
adjoining lands for
Spain
Pizzaro
❝ Conquered the Inca
Empire
Hudson
❝ English sailor that
sailed for the
English crown and
the Dutch
❝ Discovered Hudson
River and the
Hudson Bay