Transcript The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, Asia

The Beginnings of Our
Global Age: Europe,
Africa, Asia
(1415-1796)
Ch. 14
Focus: How did European voyages
of exploration lead to European
empires in the Eastern
Hemisphere?
14.1 – The Search for Spices
Focus: How did the search for spices lead to
global exploration?
• Crusades increase demand for foreign goods
(1200-1300s)
– Luxury items – land routes
14.1 – The Search for Spices
• 1400s – Europeans obtain goods
•
from Italian & Muslim traders*
Moluccas – Spice Islands; chief
source of goods*
– Island region in eastern Indonesia (SE
Asia)
14.1 – The Search for Spices
• European motivation to explore:*
– Profit: main motive*
• spices
– Spread Christianity*
– Technology*
Explorers with a lawn mower!
14.1 – The Search for Spices
• Portugal*
– Leads European exploration*
• Prince Henry – “The Navigator”*– Easier route to Asia
– Gathers:
• Cartographers – map makers*
• Scientists
• Shipbuilders – redesign
• Train crews - long voyages
14.1 – The Search for Spices
• Bartholomeu Dias*
– Portuguese*
– Rounded southern tip of
Africa* – 1488
• Cape of Good Hope*
– Opened sea route to Asia*
14.1 – The Search
for Spices
• Vasco da Gama*
– Portuguese*
– Rounded tip of Africa –
continued to India*
– Reached spice port of Calicut*
– Lost ½ his ships on return
home; many crew die
– Voyage still profitable
• Creates trading empire
• Portugal – status as world
power*
14.1 – The Search for Spices
• Christopher Columbus*
– Italian navigator*
– Sails for Spain* (Ferdinand & Isabella)
• Hope to increase wealth & prestige
– 3 ships (Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria)
– Wants to reach East Indies by sailing
West*
• Underestimates size of Earth
• Christopher Columbus
– Oct. 12, 1492* – reaches island in
Caribbean Sea, San Salvador* (West
Indies)
– Believes he is in East Asia (East Indies)*
– Calls natives “Los Indios” – Indians*
– Europeans soon realize they have
discovered unknown continents
14.1 – The Search for Spices
• Ferdinand & Isabella
– 1493 – appeal to pope for help
in claiming new lands
• Line of Demarcation*
– Pope – divides non-European
world into two sections*
– Spain – land to west*
– Portugal – land to east*
• Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
– Finalized Line of Demarcation
agreement*
14.1 – The Search for Spices
• Amerigo
Vespucci*
– Italian sea captain
– Traveled to Brazil*
– Journal
descriptions*
– Cartographer,
Martin
Waldseemuller, uses
descriptions to
create a map
• “America”*
14.1 – The Search for Spices
• Vasco Nunez de
Balboa* – 1513
– Land passage through
Panama*
– First to see Pacific
Ocean – named it the
South Sea*
14.1 – The Search for
Spices
• Ferdinand Magellan*
– Search for direct route to
Pacific (Asia)*
– Set sail from Spain – 5
ships
– Killed in Philippines
– 1 ship & 18 sailors return
– Crew – first to
circumnavigate, sail
around, the world*
14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
Focus: What affects did European
exploration have on the people of Africa?
• Portugal*
– Sea route to Asia*
• By-pass “middlemen”
– Small forts along West African coast*
• Collect food & water
• Repair Ships
• Trading posts
– Advance:
• Establish on East African coast*
• Attack Mombasa & Malindi* (SE
Kenya)
– Expel Arabs
– Expand their empire
14.2 – Turbulent Centuries
in Africa
Portugal cont’d
• Remain on African coast*
– Interested in trade
– Lack resources for interior exploration*
• Maps*
14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in
Africa
• African Slave Trade
– 1500 & 1600s: slaves viewed
as most valuable trade item*
(commodity)
– Slave – Slavs taken from
Russia to work as unpaid
laborers during Roman times
• Slavery existed in Africa &
elsewhere since ancient
times
– Egyptians, Greeks, Romans,
Aztecs, Indians, Persians
14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
• Portuguese*
– First European nation to enter slave
trade*
– Followed by others
– Saw profit in slave labor
– Slaves used for:*
• Plantations – large estates ran by
an owner or owner’s overseer*
• Servants – for rich households
14.2 – Turbulent
Centuries in Africa
• Slave Trade*
– Seldom participated in
interior slave raids
– Relied on African rulers:*
• Capture weaker tribes
• Bring captured to coastal trading ports*
• Exchange for products – rum, tobacco, weapons,
textiles,etc.
– Slaves considered as “property”; a trade good
– Expanded slave trade to meet needs & gain wealth*
14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in
Africa
• Affonso I*
– Ruler of Kongo*
– Tutored by Portuguese
missionaries – hoping to convert
Africans to Christianity
– Attempted to stop slave trade*
- failed*
14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
• Asante kingdom* (present day Ghana)
– Osei Tutu*
• Gained power from trade*
• Monopoly, or exclusive control of a business*, on:
– Slaves*
– Gold*
• In exchange for firearms
14.2 – Turbulent Centuries
in Africa
• 1600s
– Portuguese power declines
– British, Dutch (Netherlands), &
French take over ports
• Establish permanent footholds
14.2 – Turbulent
Centuries in Africa
• Dutch*
– 1652 – Cape Town*
• First permanent European
settlement*
• Used to supply ships
• Boers – Dutch farmers that settle
in Cape Town*
– Ousted, kill, or enslave those who live
there
– Consider Africans inferior – Boers are
Calvinist
– By 1700 migrate inland – battle
African groups
• Boer Wars
14.3 –European Footholds in South & SE Asia
Focus: How did European nations build empires in South &
Southeast Asia?
Portugal (1500s)
• Afonso de Albuquerque
– Commands Portuguese fleet
– Take Island of Goa (1510)– off India’s
coast
– Take East Indies port Malacca (1511)
– Massacre Muslims
– Establish outposts – distant areas under
their control*
14.3 –European
Footholds in South &
SE Asia
Dutch*
• Challenge Portuguese domination*
• 1602 – Dutch East India Company*
– Private trading group*
– Sovereign power:*
• Complete – no limits*
• Armies, wage war, make treaties,
govern territory*
– Decline due to English & French
advances (1700s)
– Remain in Indonesia until 1900s
14.3 –European Footholds in
South & SE Asia
Spain (1500s)*
• Takes over Philippines*
– Filipinos not united – easy to
conquer
• Spanish ship silver from Mexico &
Peru to Philippines*
– Use silver to buy goods from China
14.3 –European Footholds in South & SE Asia
Mughal Empire*
• Center of spice trade (India)*
• See no threat from Europeans*– allow them to build
forts along coastal towns
• Empire weakens
– Europeans seek assistance: *
– Sepoys – local Indian troops – serve in armies set up
by the English & French*
14.4 – Encounters in East Asia
Focus: How were European encounters in East Asia
shaped by the worldviews of both Europeans and Asians?
China*
• Ming Dynasty*
– Not interested in European goods*
– Europeans must pay with gold or silver*
• Matteo Ricci
– Jesuit priest missionary – *little success
in spreading religious beliefs*
– Impress Chinese through knowledge of
Europe – Renaissance ideas
14.4 – Encounters in East Asia
Manchu*
• Manchuria (north of China)
• Conquer Ming Dynasty
• Set up Qing Dynasty* (1600s1900s)
• Qianlong
– Qing emperor
– Extends empire to central Asia*
• Rules largest area in nation’s history
– Promotes Chinese culture
14.4 – Encounters in East Asia
China*
• Rejects contact with Europeans*
• Products “crude”
14.4 – Encounters in East Asia
Korea*
• “Hermit Kingdom”*
– Little contact with outside
world*
• Merchants – low social
status
• Avoid being crushed by
powerful neighbors
– Europeans shipwreck on
shores – imprisoned or
killed
14.4 – Encounters in East Asia
Japan*
• Tokugawa shoguns turn against
Europeans after learning Spain had
seized Philippines (see as threat)*
• Outlaw building of large ships – end
foreign trade
• Nagasaki - allow 1-2 Dutch ships each
year to trade at harbor*
• Remains mostly isolated for 200 years