Transcript Unit 4a Lesson 5 Iberian Sailors Connect Hemispheres 1492

Iberian Sailors Connect
Hemispheres 1492-1517
AP Period/AZSS Unit 4a Lesson 5
ORID
Prompt
• Observe
• I See/Hear…
• Reflect
• I Think…
• Interpret
• I Feel…
• Decide
• I Will…
Objective
• Content Objective (Use WHAP and/or AZ WH)
• PUHSD LT=5.1
• AZ SS C5 PO1a, f
• Skill Objective (Use WHAP Historical Thinking Skills)
• CCOT
Unit 4 Essential Questions
• PUHSD U4 EQ1: How did the reintroduction of classical ideas lead to
innovations in the arts and sciences?
• PUHSD U4 EQ2: Why was humanism embraced?
• PUHSD U4 EQ3: What were the causes and effects of the Protestant
Reformation and the Catholic Reformation?
Iberian Explorers
Connect Hemispheres
• Pushed by Columbus’s discoveries, Basque
Vasco da Gama commissioned by Portugal
to connect Lisbon to India going east.
• Posing as a Muslim trader, Da Gama secured
pilots from the Swahili Coast
• Hindu priest Talappana kindly cares for
Portuguese and escorts them to the ruler of
Calicut, the Zamorin, who hosts them regally.
• 2 of 4 ships lost and ½ of sailors die, but hey,
mission makes 3000% profit!!!
• Spanish now support Columbus for 4th
voyage-after returning from 3rd voyage in
chains accused of abuse and incompetence in
governance of “Indies”
Da Gama
Connection
Iberian Explorers
Connect Hemispheres
• 1500 Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal
• 1500 Diogo Dias completes E. Africa coast by sailing Cape
to Cairo
• 1509 Diogo Lopes passes India to Straits of Malacca
•
Diplomatic Mission to Thailand
• 1512 Antonio de Abreau reaches Spice Islands (Indonesia)
$$$KA-CHING$$$
• Spice trade belongs to Portugal
• 1513 Jorge Alvares reaches China’s Pearl River delta
(Guangzhou/Canton) $$$KA-Ching$$$
• Silk trade belongs to Portugal
• 1516 Diplomatic mission to Cochin (Vietnam)
• Meanwhile, Spain’s explorations grind on unproductively
•
•
Juan Bermudez discovers coral islands (Bermuda)
Vasco Nunex de Balboa crosses Panama to find…more water
(Pacific)
Iberian Tragedies turn
Spain’s Fortunes
• Children of Isabella and Ferdinand
•
Crown Prince Juan dies in 1497, aged 19
•
•
Isabella of Aragon dies in 1498, age 28, after giving birth to only son with
Portuguese Prince Afonso
•
•
Six children, including eldest son Karl, two miscarriages
Maria marries Portuguese King Manuel, dies 1517 aged 34
•
•
Afonso dies before birth in a riding accident aged 16, son survives as orphan but dies at
2
Juana marries Hapsburg heir Philip the Fair, but becomes mentally ill in 1505 and
is imprisoned by her father, then her son
•
•
only child also died as an infant
8 children, including oldest son Joao, three miscarriages
Catherine marries English Crown Prince Arthur 1501 (He dies in 1502). Marries
his brother King Henry VIII in 1509. He treats her contemptuously as he wants a
son to solidify his legacy in England
•
1 child, Mary, 4 miscarriages
Crown of Isabella I of Castile
Charles V Hapsburg
• 23 Jan 1516 King Ferdinand dies
• Grandson Karl von Hapsburg crowned
King Carlos I of Spain
• First King of Spain, later inherits much of
central Europe
• Had to learn Castilian in order to take throne
• Charles established a concerted plan of
exploration to rival the Portuguese in 1517
• Commissions Portuguese Ferdinand
Magellan to complete Columbus’ mission to
find western route to Indies
"I speak Spanish to God, Italian
to women, French to men and
German to my horse."
Exploration Society
• Driven by Reconquista religious faith,
early explorers made significant efforts
to communicate with and Christianize
native populations.
• High ranking natives volunteered to
help explorers, return to Europe as
ambassadors
• Europeans granted land by local leaders
to establish permanent trading posts
• This pattern echoed Portuguese
exploration and became standard
practice into the 1800’s for Europeans
[We] gave a thousand good and pretty things that I had to win their love,
and to induce them to become Christians, and to love and serve their
Highnesses and the whole Castilian nation, and help to get for us things
they have in abundance, which are necessary to us. They have no
religion, nor idolatry, except that they all believe power and goodness to
be in heaven. They firmly believed that I, with my ships and men, came
from heaven, and with this idea I have been received everywhere, since
they lost fear of me. They are, however, far from being ignorant. They
are most ingenious men, and navigate these seas in a wonderful way, and
describe everything well, but they never before saw people wearing
clothes, nor vessels like ours.
Christopher Columbus 1493
Exploration Society
• As initial curiosity was replaced by trade
priorities, especially gold, explorers extend
Reconquista intolerance
• La Navidad, first European settlement in W.
Hemisphere descends into anarchy (1493) as
Spaniards enslave Taino men and rape Taino
women.
• Taino king destroys La Navidad. No survivors
• Isabella, second European settlement, reflects
Columbus’ desperation to find gold (1499)
• Spaniards suspected of hiding gold tortured
• Native Taino taken as slaves in lieu of gold
Colonist Michele de Cuneo writes: “Some had their ears slit and some the nose, very pitiful to see.”
Exploration Society
• Faced with Arab and Hindu resistance in India, 2nd Armada
of Portuguese explorers are massacred in Calicut after they
seize a pilgrim ship to Mecca (1500)
•
3rd Armada arrives unaware of warfare, engages in battle and wins
decisive naval victory using cannons (1501)
• Da Gama’s 4th Armada punishes Calicut (1502)
•
•
•
Burns pilgrim ship Miri with over 400 people locked below deck
Bombards Calicut and destroys most of city
When Hindu Priest Talappana intervenes, Da Gama cuts of
Talappana’s lips and ears, sews dogs ears to his head and send him
away.
• Faced with such ferocity, the Zamorin of Calicut forced to
agree to Portuguese control
•
Portuguese control city of Goa into 1960’s
Exploration
Technology
• Transoceanic voyages required novel uses
of existing technology
• Chinese Compasses used magnetic field of
earth to determine direction
• Arabic Astrolab measured distance north or
south of Equator
• Naval battles of the gunpowder age
brought the “line of battle” technique
onto the wave, withering enemy ships with
strafing runs of cannon fire.
• Primary target- masts
• Secondary target-waterline
Seville Cathedral, Columbus’ Tomb
Exploration
Economics
•
God, Gold and Glory
•
Kingdom Front Expenses, Ships and Capital
•
La Quinta (Royal 1/5th) of Gross Profits
•
Admiral’s Glory
•
•
“Perpetual rule and income”
•
10 to 25% of Net Revenues total expedition
Captain’s Share
•
•
Ship Crew Shares
•
•
10 to 25% of Net Revenues / number of crew
Merchants Return on Investment
•
•
10 to 25% of Net Revenues / number of ships
25 to 50% of Net Revenues / proportional to
investment
Gentrification
•
Purchase of noble titles by successful admirals
•
Start up capital for further adventures for captains
and crew
Casa de Contraction, Seville, Spain
Risky Business
Exploration
Politics
• Strained relations between small but rich Portugal
and large but poorer Spain
• Marriage alliances end in personal tragedies
• Charles V hiring of Magellan strains relations
further
• Brutal actions by Da Gama, Columbus threaten
to destroy commercial goodwill needed for trade
• Lacking valuable goods, Spanish exploration
becomes little better than Western Hemisphere
piracy and slavery 1500-1515
• Coronation of Charles V
•
Marks shift to conquistadors, based on economic
pattern offered to admirals
•
Shifts economic power from nobility to crown
Charles, by the grace of God, Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King of Germany, King of Italy, King of all
Spains, of Castile, Aragon, León, of Hungary, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, Navarra, Grenada, Toledo, Valencia,
Galicia, Majorca, Sevilla, Cordova, Murcia, Jaén, Algarves, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, King of Two
Sicilies, of Sardinia, Corsica, King of Jerusalem, King of the Western and Eastern Indies, of the Islands and
Mainland of the Ocean Sea, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Lorraine, Styria, Carinthia,
Carniola, Limburg, Luxembourg, Gelderland, Neopatria, Württemberg, Landgrave of Alsace, Prince of Swabia,
Asturia and Catalonia, Count of Flanders, Habsburg, Tyrol, Gorizia, Barcelona, Artois, Burgundy Palatine,
Hainaut, Holland, Seeland, Ferrette, Kyburg, Namur, Roussillon, Cerdagne, Drenthe, Zutphen, Margrave of the
Holy Roman Empire, Burgau, Oristano and Gociano, Lord of Frisia, the Wendish March, Pordenone, Biscay,
Molin, Salins, Tripoli and Mechelen.
Arms of Charles V Hapsburg
Meanwhile
In China
• Widely Considered one of China’s Greatest Emperors,
Honzhi ruled over China’s Silver Age
• Legitimate Confucian expert, improved government
efficiency and service to Chinese subjects
•
One wife, no concubines
Hongzhi Emperor r1487-1505
Empress Zhang
• After coronation, the Zhengde Emperor frivolously
wasted the mandate of heaven
• Obsession with women led to starvation in his harem for
lack of food to feed them
•
•
•
Kink for Central Asian virgins spawned rumors he had
converted to Islam
Erratic behavior led to rapid loss of support in Beijing
•
Fought tigers for fun, abused and mocked advisors
•
Nicknamed himself “Wonder of the World”
Portuguese Admiral Albuquerque sees a chance to take
advantage of Zhengde and sends ships to begin conquest
Zhengde Emperor r 1505-1521
Alfonse de Albuquerque
Portuguese Sea
• Albuquerque's 6th Armada ships outgunned
Indian ocean trade ports, forcing surrender
and humiliation
• News of Portuguese treatment of Sultan of Malacca
reached China just as Portuguese ships arrived… pilot
Francisco Rodriguez reports on the chilling Chinese
official reception of the Portuguese in 1518
•
“Petty sea robbers…; they come to spy out our country; let
them die in pillories as robbers." a report was sent to the king
according to the information of the mandarins, and the king
confirmed the sentence…these twenty-three (Portuguese)
persons were each one cut in pieces, to wit, heads, legs, arms,
and their private members placed in their mouths, the trunk
of the body being divided into two pieces around the belly. In
the streets of Canton…all in the ships were taken, they were
all killed, and their heads and private members were carried
on the backs of the Portuguese in front of the Mandarin of
Canton with the playing of musical instruments and rejoicing,
were exhibited suspended in the streets, and were then
thrown into the dunghills…
Albuquerque’s Strategy To Control Trade Straits Monopolized Indian
Ocean Trade To Portugal’s Benefit But Required Land ConquestThe Beginnings Of Colonization
Analysis Questions
• Explain how two GSTEP areas impacted Iberian exploration throughout the
world 1492-1517 CE
Evaluation Discussion
• How can a better understanding of Iberian Exploration history help a
student…
• Today?
• Ten Years from Today?