Transcript Lecture Notes

Lecture Notes
A PowerPoint Presentation
Classroom Activity to
Accompany Medical
Terminology Systems,
Seventh Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding
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Digestive System
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function
• Oral cavity
• Teeth
• Salivary glands
•
•
•
•
•
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function
• Accessory organs
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function
• Breaks down food physically and chemically
• Prepares food for absorption by cells of the
body
• Eliminates waste substances
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What is the oral cavity and what is its
function?
2. Name the three parts of the small
intestine and describe their locations.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What is the oral cavity and what is its
function? First part of the digestive tract,
where the mechanical process of chewing
and chemical breakdown of food by salivary
secretions initiates the digestive process
2. Name the three parts of the small intestine
and describe their locations. Duodenum, first
segment, about 10 long; jejunum, second
segment, about 8 long; ileum, third
segment, about 12 long
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
3. Name the first four sections of the colon.
4. Describe the shape, location, and function of
the pancreas.
5. Describe the location and main function of
the gallbladder.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
3. Name the first four sections of the colon.
Ascending, transverse, descending, and
sigmoid
4. Describe the shape, location, and function of
the pancreas. Elongated, flattened organ
posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach
that produces digestive enzymes and insulin
5. Describe the location and main function of
the gallbladder. Organ on the inferior surface
of the liver that stores bile
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CF(s) for:
1. esophagus:
2. salivary
glands:
3. pharynx:
4. stomach:
5. pancreas:
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
1. esophagus: esophag/o
2. salivary glands: sial/o
3. pharynx: pharyng/o
4. stomach: gastr/o
5. pancreas: pancreat/o
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
6. spleen:
7. tongue:
8. liver:
9. ileum:
10. gallbladder:
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
6. spleen: splen/o
7. tongue: gloss/o, lingu/o
8. liver: hepat/o
9. ileum: ile/o
10. gallbladder: cholecyst/o
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
11. rectum:
12. anus:
13. anus, rectum:
14. duodenum:
15. colon:
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
11. rectum: rect/o
12. anus: an/o
13. anus, rectum: proct/o
14. duodenum: duoden/o
15. colon: col/o, colon/o
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
16. sigmoid colon:
17. mouth:
18. gum(s):
19. bile, gall:
20. bile duct:
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
16. sigmoid colon: sigmoid/o
17. mouth: or/o, stomat/o
18. gum(s): gingiv/o
19. bile, gall: chol/e
20. bile duct: choledoch/o
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. discharge or flow through: dia/
2. without an appetite: an/
3. swallowing, eating (that is) painful or
difficult:
/phagia
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. discharge or flow through: dia/rrhea
2. without an appetite: an/orexia
3. swallowing, eating (that is) painful or
difficult: dys/phagia
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
4. after a meal: post/
5. pertaining to under or below the tongue:
/lingu/
6. visual examination within or in (an organ):
/scopy
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
4. after a meal: post/prandial
5. pertaining to under or below the tongue:
sub/lingu/al
6. visual examination within or in (an organ):
endo/scopy
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. vomiting blood:
2. tumor of the pancreas:
3. instrument for examining the stomach:
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. vomiting blood: hemat/emesis
2. Tumor of the pancreas: pancreat/oma
3. instrument for examining the stomach:
gastro/scope
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. enlargement of the liver:
5. disease of the intestine (usually small
intestine):
6. inflammation of the gum(s):
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. enlargement of the liver: hepat/o/megaly
5. disease of the intestine (usually small
intestine): enter/o/pathy
6. inflammation of the gum(s): gingiv/itis
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions
Appendicitis
• Inflammation of the appendix
• Usually due to obstruction or infection
caused by a fecalith, foreign body, or
bacteria
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Appendicitis
(continued)
• Signs and symptoms
• Pain, usually becoming localized
to right lower quadrant at
McBurney point (see illustration)
•Sudden spontaneous relief of pain
indicating a ruptured appendix
• Fever, malaise, diarrhea, or
constipation, and tachycardia
(later signs and symptoms)
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Appendicitis
(continued)
•Treatment
•Appendectomy (see illustration)
•Surgery within 48 hours of first symptoms to avoid delay,
which could result in rupture and peritonitis as fecal matter is
released into the peritoneal cavity
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. Q. presents to the ED with RLQ pain, a rigid
abdomen with increased tenderness, and
abdominal cramping. The physician suspects he is
suffering from an inflammation of the appendix.
His diagnosis is
.
2. Mr. R., a smoker and heavy drinker, complains of
dysphagia for the past 4 months. After various
tests, he is diagnosed with cancer of the
(esophagus, mouth, stomach).
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. Q. presents to the ED with RLQ pain, a rigid
abdomen with increased tenderness, and
abdominal cramping. The physician suspects he is
suffering from an inflammation of the appendix.
His diagnosis is appendicits.
2. Mr. R., a smoker and heavy drinker, complains of
dysphagia for the past 4 months. After various
tests, he is diagnosed with cancer of the
(esophagus, mouth, stomach).
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. The abbreviation RLQ means the patient’s
pain is located in the
.
4. The physician informs Ms. J. that her
appendicitis may be due to an obstruction or
infection caused by a hard mass of fecal
matter. This type of mass is diagnosed as a
(fecalith, fecaloid, fecundation).
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. The abbreviation RLQ means the patient’s
pain is located in the right lower quadrant.
4. The physician informs Ms. J. that her
appendicitis may be due to an obstruction or
infection caused by a hard mass of fecal
matter. This type of mass is diagnosed as a
(fecalith, fecaloid, fecundation).
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Diverticulitis
•Acute inflammation of
diverticulae
•Diverticulosis — presence of
diverticulae without
inflammation (see illustration)
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Diverticulitis
(continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Symptoms varied from case-to-case in intensity and
duration
•Bowel changes, possibly alternating between
constipation and diarrhea
•Tenderness and pain in LLQ of abdomen
•Possible bleeding as condition worsens, along with
weakness, fever, fatigue, and anemia
•Possible rupture (if an abscess develops), leading to
peritonitis
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Diverticulitis
(continued)
•Treatment
•Focus on clearing up inflammation and infection,
resting the colon, and preventing or minimizing
complications
•Hospital stay required for severe cases with acute
pain and complications
•IV antibiotics and a few days without food or drink
(for most severe cases) to help the colon rest
•Colon resection required for some cases with a
temporary colostomy while the colon heals
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Ms. O.’s radiograph shows pouchlike herniations
through the muscular layer of her colon. These small,
blisterlike pockets are diagnosed as (diverticula,
diverticulitis, diverticuloma).
2. The nurse charts Mr. J.’s complaint of extreme
constipation as (diarrhea, obstipation, colopathy).
3. Mr. F. is diagnosed with a severe case of diverticulitis.
His symptoms include LLQ tenderness and pain. LLQ
means the pain is located in the
of his
abdomen.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Ms. O.’s radiograph shows pouchlike herniations
through the muscular layer of her colon. These small,
blisterlike pockets are diagnosed as (diverticula,
diverticulitis, diverticuloma).
2. The nurse charts Mr. J.’s complaint of extreme
constipation as (diarrhea, obstipation, colopathy).
3. Mr. F. is diagnosed with a severe case of diverticulitis.
His symptoms include LLQ tenderness and pain. LLQ
means the pain is located in the left lower quadrant
of his abdomen.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Cholelithiasis and
Choledocholithiasis
•Formation or presence of
gallstones within the
gallbladder or bile ducts
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis
(continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Patients with gallstones, possibly asymptomatic
•Classic "attack," called biliary colic, from bile duct
obstruction
•Acute onset of URQ abdominal pain that radiates to
the shoulder and back
•Possible nausea and vomiting
•Typically following ingestion of large or fatty meals
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis
(continued)
•Nonsurgical treatment
•If asymptomatic, unless symptoms reappear or there is
a history of previous gallstones with complications
• Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
• Dissolving cholesterol-based stones through bile acid
therapy
• Inhibits synthesis and secretion of cholesterol within the liver,
altering the composition of the bile. Existing stones may be
decreased in size or dissolved entirely
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Cholelithiasis and Choledocholithiasis
(continued)
•Surgical treatment
•Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (for cholelithiasis), a
minimally invasive procedure
•Most common procedure performed
•Laparoscope inserted through several small incisions in the
abdomen with patient usually discharged in 24 hours or less
•Choledocholithotomy (for choledocholithiasis)
•Incision into the common bile duct to remove the stone(s)
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Ms. G. presents with an acute onset of URQ
abdominal pain that radiates to the shoulder
and back, and complains of nausea and
vomiting. The physician suspects gallstone
formation in the gallbladder. He charts an
abnormal condition of gallbladder stones as
.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Ms. G. presents with an acute onset of URQ
abdominal pain that radiates to the shoulder
and back, and complains of nausea and
vomiting. The physician suspects gallstone
formation in the gallbladder. He charts an
abnormal condition of gallbladder stones as
cholecystolithiasis.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. The physician explains that removal of the
gallbladder is the treatment of choice for
symptomatic cholelithiasis. The procedure
for excision of the gallbladder is
.
3. Mr. F. is scheduled for ultrasound treatment
to pulverize his gallstones. This nonsurgical
procedure, abbreviated ESWL, is called
.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. The physician explains that removal of the
gallbladder is the treatment of choice for
symptomatic cholelithiasis. The procedure
for excision of the gallbladder is
cholecystectomy.
3. Mr. F. is scheduled for ultrasound treatment
to pulverize his gallstones. This nonsurgical
procedure, abbreviated ESWL, is called
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. anastomosis:
2. ascites:
3. borborygmus:
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. anastomosis: connection between two
vessels; surgical joining of two ducts, blood
vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow
from one to the other
2. ascites: abnormal accumulation of fluid in
the peritoneal cavity
3. borborygmus: audible abdominal sound
caused by passage of gas through the liquid
contents of the intestine
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. cachexia:
5. dysentery:
6. volvulus:
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. cachexia: state of ill health, malnutrition, and
wasting that may occur in many chronic
diseases, malignancies, and infections
5. dysentery: diarrhea containing blood and
mucus, resulting from inflammation of the
walls of the gastrointestinal tract, especially
the colon
6. volvulus: twisting of the bowel on itself,
causing obstruction
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
•Bariatric surgery
• Surgical alteration of
the stomach as a
treatment for morbid
obesity
•Illustration: (A) Vertical
banded gastroplasty. (B)
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
(RGB).
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Colostomy
• Excision of a diseased part of the
colon and creation of a new
opening in the abdominal wall
where fecal flow is diverted to a
colostomy bag
•Permanent or temporary
•Performed as treatment for
cancer or diverticulitis
•Illustration: Colon is brought out
through the abdominal wall to
form a mouth (stoma)
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
• Polypectomy
• Excision of small,
tumorlike, benign growths
(polyps) that project from a
mucous membrane surface
•Illustration: Snare removing a
polyp from the colon
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Ms. K is diagnosed with colorectal CA. The
surgeon will create an opening in the colon
through the abdominal wall to the outside
surface to enable diversion of fecal matter
into an attached pouch. The surgical
procedure to create an opening (mouth) of
the colon is called a(n)
.
2. The physician discovers polyps during a
colonoscopy. What surgical procedure does
the doctor perform to remove the polyps?
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Ms. K is diagnosed with colorectal CA. The
surgeon will create an opening in the colon
through the abdominal wall to the outside
surface to enable diversion of fecal matter
into an attached pouch. The surgical
procedure to create an opening (mouth) of
the colon is called a colostomy.
2. The physician discovers polyps during a
colonoscopy. What surgical procedure does
the doctor perform to remove the polyps?
polypectomy
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. The nurse explains that surgical procedures
are available to treat morbid obesity. The
surgical procedure that treats morbid obesity
is called
surgery.
4. The physician explains a surgical procedure
to treat morbid obesity in which he staples
the upper stomach near the esophagus to
reduce it to a small pouch and inserts a band
to restrict food consumption. This bariatric
procedure is known as vertical
.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. The nurse explains that surgical procedures
are available to treat morbid obesity. The
surgical procedure that treats morbid obesity
is called bariatric surgery.
4. The physician explains a surgical procedure
to treat morbid obesity in which he staples
the upper stomach near the esophagus to
reduce it to a small pouch and inserts a band
to restrict food consumption. This bariatric
procedure is known as vertical banded
gastroplasty.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures
•Endoscopy
•Visual examination of
the interior of organs
and cavities with a
specialized lighted
instrument called an
endoscope
•Illustration: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Colonoscopy
•Examination of the entire
length of the colon
•Examination of only the
lower third of the colon
known as sigmoidoscopy
•Illustration: Colonoscopy
and sigmoidoscopy
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Barium enema (BE)
•Barium swallow
•Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
•Ultrasound (US)
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
1. Visual examination of the sigmoid colon:
2. Instrument for examining interior organs and
cavities:
3. Process of recording (x-ray) the gallbladder:
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
1. Visual examination of the sigmoid colon:
sigmoid/o/scopy
2. Instrument for examining interior organs and
cavities: endo/scope
3. Process of recording (x-ray) the gallbladder:
cholecyst/o/graphy or chol/e/cyst/o/graphy
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
4. Visual examination of the colon:
5. Instrument for examining the rectum and
sigmoid colon:
6. Process of recording (x-ray) a bile vessel:
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
4. Visual examination of the colon:
colon/o/scopy
5. Instrument for examining the rectum and
sigmoid colon: proct/o/sigmoid/o/scope
6. Process of recording (x-ray) a bile vessel:
cholangi/o/graphy or chol/angi/o/graphy
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Pharmacology
•Antacids
•Antidiarrheals
•Antiemetics
•Laxatives
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. J. complains of nausea and vomiting for
the past 3 days. The prescribed medication,
which will control nausea and vomiting by
blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting
center of the brain, is called an (antacid,
antidiarrheal, antiemetic).
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. J. complains of nausea and vomiting for
the past 3 days. The prescribed medication,
which will control nausea and vomiting by
blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting
center of the brain, is called an (antacid,
antidiarrheal, antiemetic).
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mrs. S. is diagnosed with irritable bowel
syndrome. The physician instructs her to
increase her fluid intake and prescribes a
drug that will control her loose bowel
movements. The drug is known as an
(antacid, antidiarrheal, antiemetic).
3. A patient diagnosed with excessive stomach
acid is treated with a(n) (antacid, laxative,
antiemetic).
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mrs. S. is diagnosed with irritable bowel
syndrome. The physician instructs her to
increase her fluid intake and prescribes a
drug that will control her loose bowel
movements. The drug is known as an
(antacid, antidiarrheal, antiemetic).
3. A patient diagnosed with excessive stomach
acid is treated with an (antacid, laxative,
antiemetic).
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