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NOTE THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND OTHER EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION AS YOU GO! Unit 2 The Big Picture 4.2m to 1BC/BCE Curriculum 2.1 recognize and appreciate historical and contemporary consequences of European contact, historical globalization and imperialism on Aboriginal societies 2.2 exhibit a global consciousness with respect to the human condition 2.3 accept social responsibilities associated with global citizenship 2.4 recognize and appreciate the validity of oral histories 2.5 recognize and appreciate various perspectives regarding the prevalence and impacts of Eurocentrism 2.6 examine impacts of cultural contact between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples (exchange of goods and technologies, depopulation, influences on government and social institutions) 2.7 explore the foundations of historical globalization (rise of capitalism, industrialization, imperialism, Eurocentrism) 2.8 explore the relationship between historical globalization and imperialism 2.9 examine multiple perspectives on the political, economic and social impacts of historical globalization and imperialism 2.10 examine imperialist policies and practices that affected Indigenous peoples (British rule in India, British and French rule in Canada, post-colonial governments in Canada) 2.11 analyze contemporary global issues that have origins in policies and practices of post-colonial governments in Canada and other locations (consequences of residential schools, social impact on Indigenous peoples, loss of Indigenous languages, civil strife) 2.12 evaluate various attempts to address consequences of imperialist policies and practices on Indigenous peoples in Canada and other locations 2.13 examine legacies of historical globalization and imperialism that continue to influenceglobalization FIRST PHASE OF GLOBALIZATION – EXCHANGE OF LUXURY GOODS AND IDEAS Imperial Rules Never fight a land war in Asia without local backing He who has the newest weapons and the most gold makes the rules, and if you are not European – have them sell you weapons and train your army because they can always use more gold! Prehistoric Humanity Debate between creationists and evolutionists about start date of humanity (as well as old and short Earth creationists). Disagree until after 5000 BC (BCE) - all anthropological evidence prior Debate about the start of Globalization: From the first city state of Uruk to Genghis Khan (1100AD) Anthropological Timeline 4.2m – bipedal hominid emerge 2m – tools 1.8m – Homo erectus emerge 1m fire spread from Africa to Asia and Europe after 900 000 100 000 Homo sapiens emerge then to Australia (40 000) and North America (25 000) 35 000 fully modern humans emerge not until during the last ice age that (20 000 to 10 000 BC) real change in behavior begins to happen complex social structure – communal burial stone tools carvings and paintings emerge warming trend = settlement and domestication of plants and animals Early Settlement 11 000 BC pottery developed in Japan – archeological benchmark by 9000 BC almost all large animals (mastodons and mammoths) hunted to extinction ~ 5000 BC creationist start of humanity domestication of animals first (goats, sheep, cows, horses, dogs) and then cereal crops (wheat, barley, oats, rice) – have to settle to grow. believed by some that beer caused civilization – need to settle to brew surplus food production allowed people to experiment and do other things – ie metallurgy, pottery, and trade by coastal shipping – classes develop along professions and to regulate trade settlement in 5 main areas: (flood plains – rudimentary irrigation developed) Tigris/Euphrates - Mesopotamia Nile – Egypt Indus – India Yellow – China Mesoamerica (Mexico) and Mississippi – USA (later) Tended to be ruled by a priestly elite or divine king (pharaoh) Constructed elaborate monuments 3500 BC – Uruk becomes the first citystate 3200 BC – hieroglyphic writing system developed Roman alphabet has its roots in Egyptian pictographs via the Greeks and Phoenicians Allows the passing of ideas from one generation to the next allowing advancement Egypt and Mesopotamia emerge as the first organized states (3000 BC) but are in decline as the Greeks finally emerge as a power in 1200BC Greek “dark age” matches the time when the Old Testament has a lot to say. Trojan War fought ~1200BC – Homer records the war 800 years later in the Iliad Ancient Greek dark ages 1100 to 900 BC – void of organized civilizations replaced by barbarian rule – in all places except the Old Testament 950 Assyrian Empire the first to arise out of the dark age and straddles the Nile and the Tigris/Euphrates at its height (670) – declines after Greeks begin their ascent and colonization, Homer’s Iliad first written down, Rome founded by Romulus in 753 600 first Greek coins Early Classical Age – 525 to 1 BC 525 Persian Empire conquers Egypt and becomes the largest the world has ever known spanning from the first Indian states to the Greek City states federation (defn) of satrapies ruled by governors at the pleasure of the Emperor (so long as they pay an annual tribute) 510 Etruscan over lordship ended Roman republic est. Greece 505 democracy est. in Athens Athens leaves a legacy affecting western civilization like no other in: Science Philosophy Political thought Architecture Democracy many wars between Greek city-states – briefly united against Persians variety of government styles from tyranny, monarchy, and in the sole case of Athens and the city-states that they occupied only male citizens could speak or vote in meetings and could afford to spend a great deal of time in meetings because slave labour and women did the majority of the work slaves acquired in “wars” with other city states and were often the reason for these conflicts most “wars” were fought during the winter because the men were needed to farm during the rest of the year Hoplite tactics – pushing match with shields and spears The Peloponnesian War (Athens vs. Sparta) was inconclusive and plunged the Greek city-states into disarray until Philip II of Macedon conquered and united them Alexander the Great (son of Philip II) led a non-stop 13 year conquest of the Persian Empire and beyond Spread from Egypt and Greece to the Hindu Kush in India – spread ideas and goods Developed the “super phalanx” to defeat the much larger armies of Darius III of Persia Died suspiciously (323) and his empire disintegrated into four kingdoms lead by generals leaving the door open to conquest by Rome who adopted much of what the Greeks had achieved including adopting their language (Revelations) Rome By 264 Rome had overcome the Etruscans and Carthaginians (95 yr struggle) Legion system of military organization leads to dominance Grew too rapidly for the republican government to cope and civil wars broke out Julius Caesar (and 1st triumvirate) temporarily assumed power but was assassinated in 44 BC on the Ides of March – more civil war Institutes basis of the modern calendar Burned Great Library dealing with Ptolemy– knowledge lost Octavian (later Augustus – “revered”) ceases power through the second triumvirate, ends the Roman Republic, and reunites the Roman Empire and lead two centuries of peace Pax Romana (the Roman Peace) Makes August the same length as June Final amendment to the Julian calendar (Orthodox Church – 3 days out every 400 years because no leap years) Conquered the Amazons (matriarchal) Used Mediterranean and built roads to promote trade and move their legions Roman roads stretch 88 000 km and support Europe until the end of the Middle Ages and many modern highways are built on them China Zhou Chinese Empire distinctively Chinese in economic, political, and societal structure The teachings of Confucius promote good government and discourages conflict Not until 226 that China was forcibly united 206 the Han Dynasty emerges as the most powerful and expansionist state in Asia spans from Korea to Vietnam to central Asia New Great Wall built Buddhism begins to take root World’s population still consists largely of nomadic hunters (250m) Early Greek Late Egyptian Art Poseidon Zeus or Neptune Religion Jupiter Architecture Globalization Lessons: