Transcript Greece PPT Slides

Chapter 5
Classical Greece
Early Settlement
• Not united
• Separate lands of Greek speaking people
– The Story of Theseus and Mintotaur
– Theseus and the Minotaur
• Minoans
– Island of Crete
– Elaborate and elegant civilization
• Indo-Europeans
– Settled on mainland Greece
Geography Shapes Greece
• On the Ionian and Aegean Sea
• How will this shape their life?
– Used sea as “roads”
– Trade!!
• Mountains on ¾ of ancient Greece
• How is this going to influence them?
– Created many small “communities”
– Kept them separate
– Little farming
Mycenaean Civilization Develops
• Mycenae fortress capital
• Led by warrior kings
• Invaded Minoans on Crete
• Kept some Minoan culture
– Value of trade
– Writing system
– Legends becomes part of religion
Trojan War (Movie Troy)
• 1200 BC
• Mycenaean kings fight 10 year war against
Troy
• Paris (prince of Troy) kidnapped Helen
(queen of Sparta)
• Trojan Horse
Greek Culture Declines Under
Dorians
• Mycenaean civilization collapse after war
• Dorians move into area
– Greek ancestors
• Trade fell
• Economy collapse
• No written records
HOMER
NO NOT THAT
ONE
THIS ONE
Epics of Homer
• Greek’s greatest story teller
• Blind
• Iliad and the Odyssey
• Set in Trojan War
Greek Myths
• Greek gods
• Seeking understanding of nature and power of human
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•
passions
Given human qualities
Zeus
– Ruler of the gods
• Hera
– Zeus’ wife (goddess of marriage)
• Athena
– Zeus’ daughter and favorite child (goddess of wisdom)
Chapter 5 Section 2
Warring City-States
City-States Emerge
• Polis—fundamental political unit
• Agora—public center
• Acropolis—fortified hilltop
Governing Greek City-States
• Monarchy—rule by king or queen
• Aristocracy—rule by small group of nobles
• Oligarchy—rule by few powerful people
• Some representative governments too.
New Military Develops
• Shift from bronze to iron
• More “common” people can afford to fight
• How does this affect rule?
• Hoplites—foot soldiers
• Phalanx—military formation
• Tyrants (powerful individuals) take over
Athens and Sparta
Sparta
Messenians
• Conquered by Spartans
• Made Messenians helots (slaves)
• Demanded half years crop
Strong Government Created
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Assembly of free adult males
Council of Elders—proposed laws
Five elected officials (ephors) carried out laws
Two kings ruled military
Social groups
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Native peoples
Free non-citizens
Helots
slaves
Spartan Education
• Did not value individuality
• No artistic expression
• Men
– At 7 trained in military
– Marched barefooted
• Girls
– Ran, wrestled, played sports
– Managed estates (homes) while husband was
governing
Athens
Athenian Democracy
• Unlike Sparta
• Citizens participated directly in
government
• Only free adult males were citizens
• Women, slaves, and foreigners few rights
Reform
• Clashes b/t aristocrats • Encourage export of
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and commoners
Cylon—commoners
stopped a tyranny
Draco(621 BC)—
wrote first set of laws
– Contracts and property
ownership
• Solon(594 BC)—
chosen to lead gov.
– Outlawed debt slavery
– Any citizen can bring
charges
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grapes and olives
High demand for
these
Pisistratus(546 BC)—
b/co tyrant
Provided funds to
peasants for farming
– Taxed agricultural
production
• Gave jobs to poor
Reforms of Cleisthenes (508 BC)
• Made Athens a true democracy
• Increase power of assembly
– Broke up nobility
– Allowed all to propose laws
• Created Council of Five Hundred
– Proposed laws
– Counseled the assembly
Persian Wars
Darius (Persian) and Athens
Battle at Marathon (not the
restaurant)
• Retaliation for Athens helping Ionian
Greeks
– Explain
• 490 BC—Persian fleet fight Athenians at
Marathon
• Greek Phalanxes defeat Persian
• Runner sent to Athens to tell the story
– Pheidippides
– Don’t give up Athens
Thermopylae and Salamis
• Mountain pass
• 480 BC—Xerxes
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(Darius’ son) invades
Greece
Greece too weak to
fight
Persians meet no
resistance
Spartans held off
Persians while Greeks
retreated (Movie 300)
• Athens
• Themistocles plan
– Abandon Athens and
fight at sea
• Xerxes fires Athens
• Meets Athenians in
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channel around island
of Salamis
Persian ships too big
to maneuver
Athens ships defeat
Persians
Consequences of the Persian War
• Confidence
• Freedom
• Athens controls alliance (140 city states)
– Delian League
• Drove Persians out of area
• Athens's navy controls league
Section 3
Democracy and Greece’s Golden
Age
Pericles
• Wise statesman
• Great speaker
• Respected general
• Led for 32 years
• 461-429 BC—”AGE OF PERICLES”
Pericles’ Three Goals
1. Stronger Democracy
• Increase # of paid officials
• Direct democracy—citizens rule directly
2. Strengthen Athenian Empire
• Build huge navy
– 200 ships
– Kept safety of empire
• Overseas trade
– Grain
– Other raw materials not found in Greece
3. Glorify Athens
• Beautification projects
– Gold, ivory, marble
• Paid artisans (15 years of work)
– Built the Parthenon
• Phidias
• Temple for Athena
Greek Art
• Sculptures
– Graceful, strong, perfectly formed
– Body in motion
– Values of order, balance, proportion
• Classical Art
• Athena in Parthenon
– 38 feet tall
– Gold and ivory
Drama and Theaters
Drama
• Tragedy and Comedy
• First theaters in west
• Tributes to gods and Greek civic pride
• Wealthy paid for plays
– Civic duty
Peloponnesian War 431 BC
Spartans and Athenians Go to War
War
• Athens superior at sea
• Spartans superior on land
• Sparta burns Athenian food supply
• Pericles brings residents into city walls
– Food supply safe if ships can come into port
Sparta Gets the Edge
• Two reasons
– 1. plague kills 1/3-2/3 of Athens's pop.
– 2. Athenian soldiers defeated at Syracuse
• 413 BC
• 404 BC Athens and allies surrenders
• Confidence in Democracy falters
• uncertainty gives rise to Philosophers
Philosophers Search for Truth
• Based on 2 assumptions
– 1. universe put together in an orderly way
and subject to absolute and unchanging laws
– 2. people can understand through logic and
reason
• Sophists
– Questioned peoples beliefs
• Protagoras
– Questioned traditional Greek gods
Fully explain the
consequences of the
Peloponnesian War.
Tragedy
1. Death
2. More than one character
3. Problem
4. Gods
Comedy
1. good ending
2. picking on government, people
3. gods
Your name, which the story is, label each
characteristic, if it is missing one
Socrates
• Strong critic of Sophists
• Encouraged Greeks to examine themselves
• People did not understand his ideas
• Brought to trial at 70
– Corrupting Athens youth
– Neglecting the city’s gods
• Sentenced to death
– Drank poison
Plato
• Student to Socrates
• Wrote conversations with Socrates
• Wrote The Republic
– Ideal society and Not democratic
• Fit into 3 classes
– Artisans and farmers
– Warriors
– Ruling class
• Smartest of ruling class Philosopher-King
Aristotle
• Questioned nature of world, human belief,
thought and knowledge
• Developed method for arguing using logic
(scientific method)
• taught Alexander the Great when he was
a child
Chapter 5 Section 4
Alexander the Empire Builder
Philip II
• King of Macedonia
– Tough people
– Related to Greeks
– Greeks looked down on them
• Organized peasants into great army
– phalanx
• Great general and politician
• Defeated northern opposition
• Wanted Greece
Conquest of Greece
• Greeks were warned—Demosthenes
• City-states would not join together
• Battle of Chaeronea—decisive battle
– Alexander led cavalry charge
– 18 years old
• Philip killed at daughters wedding
– Former guard
– 336 BC
• Alexander takes over
Alexander the Great
• Kept Greece in check
– Thebes
• Educated by Aristotle
• Defeat of Persia
– Granicus River
• Alexander defeats Persians
• Issus
– Ordered troops to break through Persian lines
– Darius III ran away
– Alexander controls Anatolia
Alexander Not Through
• Rejected treaty talks with Darius III
– Wanted it all
• Egypt 332 BC
– Hailed as liberator
– Made pharaoh by Egyptians
• Mesopotamia
– Battle of Gaugamela
• Phalanx attack against Persian chariots
• Ends Persian rule
Alexander’s Legacy
• 322 BC Alexander dies when returns home
– Fever
• 3 Generals take over
– Antigonus—king of Macedonia
– Ptolemy—pharaoh of Egypt
– Seleucid—king of old Persian Empire
• Alexander’s conquests ended independent
Greek city states
Chapter 5 Section 5
The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
Hellenistic Achievements
Category
Attractions
Astronomy
Geometry
Philosophy
Art
3 Facts or Achievements
Hellenistic Achievements
Category
3 Facts or Achievements
Attractions
Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of
Alexandria, City of Alexandria
Astronomy
Geometry
Philosophy
Art
Hellenistic Achievements
Category
3 Facts or Achievements
Attractions
Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of
Alexandria, City of Alexandria
Astronomy
Eratosthenes (size of world), inner
workings of human body, movement of
stars
Geometry
Philosophy
Art
Hellenistic Achievements
Category
3 Facts or Achievements
Attractions
Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of
Alexandria, City of Alexandria
Astronomy
Eratosthenes (size of world), inner
workings of human body, movement of
stars
Geometry
Euclid (ideas of Geometry),
Archimedes (inventor—pulley), pump
water out of ships
Philosophy
Art
Hellenistic Achievements
Category
3 Facts or Achievements
Attractions
Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of
Alexandria, City of Alexandria
Astronomy
Eratosthenes (size of world), inner
workings of human body, movement of
stars
Geometry
Euclid (ideas of Geometry),
Archimedes (inventor—pulley), pump
water out of ships
Philosophy
Stoicism (reason, self discipline,
personal morality), Cynicism (reject
pleasure, wealth), Epicureanism (seek
pleasure, avoid pain)
Art
Hellenistic Achievements
Category
3 Facts or Achievements
Attractions
Alexandria (Lighthouse), Library of
Alexandria, City of Alexandria
Astronomy
Eratosthenes (size of world), inner
workings of human body, movement of
stars
Geometry
Euclid (ideas of Geometry),
Archimedes (inventor—pulley), pump
water out of ships
Philosophy
Stoicism (reason, self discipline,
personal morality), Cynicism (reject
pleasure, wealth), Epicureanism (seek
pleasure, avoid pain)
Art
love stories, Nike, convey emotion and
movement